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Photos A-1, A-2 and A-3, taken on July 25th 2010, show residents of Lay Ghaw, Wah May Htar, U Gklay Htar, Hee Ther Pler, Thay Baw Boh, and Bler Doh villages in Kawkareik Township, Dooplaya District, crossing the Moei River with their belongings to take refuge in Muh Luh Chah village in Phop Phra District of Thailand's Tak Province. Some villagers reported that DKBA 5th Brigade officers under the command of Na Kha Mway had called a meeting of village heads and instructed them to inform all women and children in their villages to flee in advance of the expected attacks. [Photos: KHRG]

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Photos A-4, A-5 and A-6, taken on July 25th 2010, show Lay Ghaw, Wah May Htar, U Gklay Htar, Hee Ther Pler, Thay Baw Boh, and Bler Doh villagers arriving at Muh Luh Chah[12] village in Phop Phra District, Thailand. Thai soldiers checked the villagers' possessions and papers as they arrived. Local residents of Muh Luh Chah provided food for those refugees who were unable to bring adequate provisions with them, and authorities from the Thai Health Department tended to those in need of medical assistance. Photos A-7 and A-8 show the refugees, including many women and children, at a temporary sheltering site in Muh Luh Chah. [Photos: KHRG]

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Photos A-9, A-10, A-11 and A-12, also taken on July 25th2010, show mothers and infant children taking shelter at Muh Luh Chah. On July 26th 2010, at 11 am Thai army officials met with representatives of the displaced villagers and Muh Luh Chah village leaders; the parties agreed that the refugees could return to their homes that day and that they would be permitted to take shelter on the Thai side of the river in the event of future attacks on their villages.

In the months since this agreement was reached, conflict has flared in villages in Dooplaya District adjacent to Thailand's Phop Phra and Tak Provinces as Tatmadaw forces have sought to dislodge some DKBA forces that have continued to resist integration into the Tatmadaw from their former bases, prompting tens of thousands of villagers to seek protection in Thailand. Refugees that spoke with KHRG cited a variety of protection concerns stemming from conflict and conflict-related abuse; they also expressed fears for the security of their livelihoods and property.[13] [Photos: KHRG]

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Photos B-1 and B-2, taken on February 12th 2010, show families from the Mae U Su refugee camp under guard on the Thailand side of the Moei River, as the RTA prepared to return them to Burma. Photos B-3 and B-4, also taken on February 12th 2010, show some of the families as they returned to the Burma side of the river, and began walking back into Pa'an District. Paths like the one shown serve as the primary travel routes in the area; they also were littered with unmarked landmines that posed a considerable risk to returned refugees. [Photos: Local source]

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Photos B-5 and B-6, taken in March 2010, shows RTA soldiers based in Tha Song Yang District, Tak Province arriving at Mae U Su temporary hosting site for refugees that fled Tatmadaw/DKBA attacks on KNLA positions near Ler Per Her in Pa'an in June 2009. Refugees told KHRG that RTA soldiers assembled the refugees two to three times per day to inform them that they could no longer remain in the site and that they should return to Burma. [Photos: KHRG]

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Photos B-7, B-8 and B-9, taken in March 2010, show refugees from Ler Per Her dismantling their huts and burning trash in preparation for their departure from Mae U Su refugee site. Refugees interviewed by KHRG and other community-based organisations stated that they did not yet feel secure to return to their villages, but that the Thai authorities had made it clear to them that they would not be permitted to remain in the site. [Photos: KHRG]

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B-11

Photos B-10, B-11, B-12 and B-13, taken in March 2010, show refugees leaving Mae U Su temporary refugee site with their possessions, and waiting to cross the Moei River that forms the border between Pa'an District and Tak Province in the area. Thai authorities had set the end of March as the deadline for refugees to depart the site. Villages in Dta Greh Township, Pa'an District from which refugees had fled included Htee Tha Htaw, WahMee Gklah, Meh La Ah Kee, Meh La Ah Htar, Gklay Moh Kee, Gklay Poe Kee, Waw Gkyaw, Gkoh Gkwaw Lay, Gkyay Poe Kee and Meh Gkeh; some returning refugees told a KHRG field researcher that they would not dare to work in their farm fields because they feared landmine contamination and worried about food shortages. [Photos: Local source]

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Photos B-14 and B-15, taken on June 4th 2010, show Gkleh Tha Waw village, in Lu Bpleh Township. KHRG researchers reported residents of Gkleh Tha Waw fled on June 5th 2009 due to joint Tatmadaw/DKBA attacks on KNU/KNLA 7th Brigade forces, but returned to rebuild their homes and stay in their village in early 2010. Photo B-16, taken in March 2010, shows Saw G---, a 30 year old farmer from Me--- village in Dta Greh Township. Saw G--- fled to a temporary refugee site in Mae U Su village in Tak Province's Tha Song Yang District on July 5th 2009 due to the Tatmadaw/DKBA offensive in Pa'an. He told KHRG that Thai authorites forced him to return to Burma in March 2010, and that he must now perform daily paid labour in order to buy food to eat; many refugees were unable to prepare fields and homes prior to return due to the sudden repatriation of refugees by Thai authorities in March 2010. Photo B-17, taken on March 31st 2010, shows Saw Pe---, a 10-year-old boy, after accidentally detonating an unexploded M79 cartridge he and his brother had found outside Mae La Ah Kee village. A relative of Saw Pe--- told KHRG that his family had returned to their village in Burma after RTA soldiers forced them to leave the Mae U Su camp. [Photo: KHRG]

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Photos C-1 and C-2, taken on February 9th 2010, show abandoned huts in Leh Kee, once a major hiding site for villagers in Lu Thaw Township, Papun District. Leh Kee has been abandoned since Tatmadaw forces active in Lu Thaw Township increased their presence in the area, establishing a camp at Gkaw Daw Gkoh. The previous residents of Leh Kee have since shifted to an alternative site and, according to a KHRG researcher, they do not date to return to Leh Kee as long as it is within range of Tatmadaw military operations. [Photos: KHRG]

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Photos C-3 and C-4, taken on March 20th 2010, show homes belonging to villagers in hiding in La---, in T'Naw Tha Ree Township of Mergui-Tavoy District. Villagers fled here during March 2010 due operations of Tatmadaw LIB #17, under Battalion Commander Kyaw Naing in the Ma Noh Roh area of T'Naw Tha Ree Township. Photo C-5, also taken on March 20th, shows one of the families currently hiding in La---. Many families in the site reported that they were confronting food shortages; they told KHRG they planned to attempt to buy food in villages in Tatmadaw- controlled areas, but were afraid of what would happen to them if they were captured by Tatmadaw soldiers. [Photos: KHRG]

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Photos C-6 and C-7, taken on April 22nd 2010, show Naw Pah Lah, a 27 year old woman from Khoh Lu village in Ler Doh Township, Nyaunglebin District. Naw P--- was shot during an attack by Tatmadaw LIB #369 on Khaw Hta village on March 22nd 2010. At 6:30 pm, Naw P--- was returning to her home in Kh--- with her infant son and 5-year old daughter from visiting her father in Le---; as her family passed through Khaw Hta, they were fired upon by LIB #369 soldiers. Naw P--- was injured in her side; her 5-year-old daughter Naw Pa--- was shot in the head and killed; and her 5-month old son Saw Ht--- was shot in the leg and buttock and died later that evening.[18] [Photos: KHRG]

C-8

Photo C-8, taken on March 19th 2010, shows a villager in hiding in La--- village in the Ma Noh Roh area of T'Naw Tha Ree Township in Mergui/Tavoy District. The man is shown pounding paddy. He told a KHRG field researcher that people in his village are always afraid of the Tatmadaw, and worry that Tatmadaw soldiers will come to attack the hiding site and shoot the villagers. [Photo: KHRG]

Photo C-9, taken on April 22nd 2010, shows villagers from Gk--- village in the Ht--- area of Ler Doh Township, Nyaunglebin District carrying rice to their jungle hiding site. These villagers told KHRG that they went into hiding in the jungle after Tatmadaw soldiers came and burned down their village. They reported that in order to have enough food while in hiding, community members needed to travel to L---, a community in a low-lying area along the Shwegyin River, to obtain rice. [Photo: KHRG]

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Photo C-10, taken on January 17th 2010, shows a rice storage barn belonging to villagers in hiding at N--- village in Thandaung Township, Toungoo District. Many communities across northern Karen State have become adept at using displacement strategically to avoid human rights abuses, and are capable of surviving harsh conditions outside of their home villages for short or long periods of time.[19] [Photo: KHRG]

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Photos C-11, C-12 and C-13, taken on July 27th 2010, show some of the homes and other buildings destroyed in the July 23rd and 24th Tatmadaw attack on Tha Dah Der village. [Photos: KHRG]

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Photos C-14 and C-15, also taken on July 27th 2010, show the remains of the church in Tha Dah Der village, which was burnt down during the attack by Tatmadaw LIB #370. A KHRG researcher also reported that the burning of the church damaged one side of a school the village which was located next to the church. [Photos: KHRG]

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Photos C-16 and C-17, taken on July 27th 2010, show animals belonging to residents of Tha Dah Der that were slaughtered by troops from Tatmadaw LIB #370. The KHRG researcher who visited Tha Dah Der just three days after the attack said that pigs, chicken, goats and other animals had been killed and mutilated before Tatmadaw soldiers withdrew from the village. [Photos: KHRG]

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Photos C-18, C-19 and C-20, taken on July 27th 2010, show property belonging to residents of Tha Dah Der that was damaged or destroyed in the July 23rd and 24th attack. Many of these items, including food and water storage containers, as well as cooking, agricultural and other livelihoods equipment are essential for daily village life. [Photos: KHRG]

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Photos C-21 and C-22, taken on 28th July 2010, show fields cultivated by villagers in the Tha Dah Der area that were damaged by buffaloes while the villagers remained in hiding following the attack by Tatmadaw LIB #370 on Tha Dah Der village. Photo C-21 shows a paddy field near Tha Dah Der in which buffaloes trampled and ate paddy plants. Photo C-22 shows one of four hill fields belonging to residents of T'Kaw Toh Baw, near Tha Dah Der, in which villagers reported that paddy plants were eaten and trampled by buffaloes. Paddy and hill field farmers would normally spend long hours at their agricultural projects, but most communities in the area fled during the attacks on Tha Dah Der on July 23rd and 24th, and did not feel safe to return to their homes immediately afterwards. [Photos: KHRG]

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Photo D-1,taken on February 4th 2010, shows a major Tatmadaw camp in Gkaw Thay Der village, Tantabin Township, Toungoo District. Information from KHRG's field researchers indicates that battalions from Tatmadaw Military Operation Command (MOC) #7 have been active in Toungoo since the end of 2009. Villagers in the Gkaw Thay Der area report that Tatmadaw troops have rotated between camps as frequently as twice a month this year, and that whichever unit is based at Gkaw Thay Der camp makes frequent demands for forced labour from residents of nearby villages, including Gklay Soh Kee, Gkaw Thay Der, Kler La and Gkaw Muh Der.[25] Photo D-2, also taken on February 4th 2010, shows villagers passing in front of the Tatmadaw camp in Gkaw Thay Der on their way back from collecting firewood in the forest. [Photos: KHRG]

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Photos D-3 and D-4, taken on March 19th 2010, show villagers from B--- village, Bu Tho Township, Papun District clearing roadside brush as ordered by soldiers from Tatmadaw LIB #340 based in M--- village. According to local sources, all of the villages located near the vehicle road in Meh Gklaw village tract, including Boh Htar, Meh T'Ru, Ta Bpoh Gklah, Bweh Gklah and Gkaw La Gklah villages, are required to clear roadside brush and grass every year and do not receive food or payment for their work. This labour entails high physical security risks for villagers, as roadways in northern Karen State are frequently mined by Tatmadaw, DKBA, and KNLA forces with each party seeking to disrupt the others' operations, secure territory for themselves while denying territory to their adversaries. [Photos: KHRG]

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Photos D-5 and D-6, taken on March 19th 2010, show a paddy field controlled by Tatmadaw LIB #340 in Meh Gklaw village tract, Bu Tho Township. Local villagers told a KHRG field researcher that this paddy field is four acres in size, and that LIB #340 forces residents of B--- village to plant and plough the paddy every year. [Photos: KHRG]

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Photos D-7 and D-8, taken on March 19th 2010, show residents of B--- village, Bu Tho Township fabricating and delivering thatch shingles to fulfill an order issued by soldiers from Tatmadaw LIB #340 based in the area. Local sources report that the local Tatmadaw camp to which the thatch was to be delivered is approximately one hour from B--- on foot. Thatch is a common building material in eastern Burma, typically used for roofing buildings. [Photos: KHRG]

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Photo D-9, taken on April 8th 2010, shows a man from Bp--- village in Than Daung Township, Toungoo District astride his motorcycle. He told KHRG that he had previously been forced to carry Tatmadaw rations with his motorbike from Bp--- to N--- village by Tatmadaw MOC #7 soldiers based at a camp in M---, and under the command of Officer M---. He added that there are several checkpoints on the road between Bp--- and N--- that each demand 500 Kyat from a passing motorcycle, and that officers at these checkpoints sometimes charge villagers even though they are carrying Tatmadaw rations. [Photo: KHRG]

Photo D-10, taken on May 9th 2010, shows an order letter issued to a village head in Thaundaung Township by a Tatmadaw unit based from MOC #7 based at Ma--, under the command of Officer My--. The letter demands that the village head come to the Tatmadaw camp to meet the officer who wrote the letter. The village head later told KHRG that at the meeting the Tatmadaw commander ordered him to arrange for villagers to porter Tatmadaw rations. [Photo: KHRG]

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Photo D-11, taken on April 10th 2010, shows villagers in Thandaung Township portering Tatmadaw rations from the camp at Ma-- to Kler La, where the MOC Headquarters for Toungoo District is located. The KHRG researcher that photographed these porters said that the group included girls as young as 15. He estimated the weight of the loads at 15 viss (24.5 kg. / 54 lb.), saying that these were too heavy for some porters to carry alone. [Photo: KHRG]

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Photo D-12 taken in April 2010, shows money collected by residents of Ht--- village in Meh Gklaw village tract, Bu Thoh Township to pay 'porter fees' to soldiers from DKBA Gk'Saw Wah Special Battalion #777 active in the area. Local sources told KHRG that Soldiers inform village in the area that they must pay the fees instead of providing porters. Local residents said that DKBA soldiers have demanded 15,000 kyat per month in porter fees from villages in Meh Gklaw village tract since November 2009. [photo: KHRG]

Photo D-13 taken on April 13th 2010, shows logs cut by residents of T---, W---, D--- and Ht--- villages, in Meh Gklaw village tract. Local sources report that DKBA forces based at Way Lu Won monastery in Papun Town under the command of officer Hs---, demanded that each village in Meh Gklaw village tract provide three tons of logs to support DKBA logging businesses in Meh Gklaw and Mae Mweh village tracts. [photo: KHRG]

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Photo E-1, taken on May 25th 2010, shows a villager in D--- village, Lu Thaw Township, Papun District cutting grass in her hill field to protect the young paddy crop. Hill field farmers must carefully tend their plots, clearing weeds, grass and leaves to reduce the presence of destructive insects, as well as keeping buffaloes, wild pigs and other animals from eating or destroying the paddy plants. [photo: KHRG]

Photo E-2, taken in February 2010, shows villagers who fled from L--- village to a hiding site in Lu Thaw Township, Papun District. The villagers are cutting down trees to prepare a new hill field. They will wait one month to allow the felled trees to dry before burning them to fertilise the soil. After clearing any unburned wood, the field will be ready for planting, and the villagers will build field huts to be able to remain near their crop at important junctures in the agricultural cycle. [photo: KHRG]

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Photos E-3, taken on March 22nd 2010, shows villagers from a hiding site in the Sh--- area of Nyaunglebin District, working as day labourers carrying bamboo near Shwegyin town. Faced with acute food insecurity across much of northern Karen State, many villagers in hiding must perform such daily labour in order to be able to feed themselves and their families.[26] Photo E-4, also taken on March 22nd 2010, shows a hut where villagers from hiding sites in Sh--- sleep while they are away from their homes performing daily labour. [Photos: KHRG]

E-5

Photo E-5, taken on March 22nd 2010, shows villagers in Shwegyin Township, Nyaunglebin District who own a bullock cart using it to transport lumber. They earn a living by charging fees for usage of the cart; villagers who do not own bullock carts can also earn daily wages as extra labourers loading and unloading the cart. [Photo: KHRG]

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Photos E-6 and E-7, taken on March 30th 2010, show villagers who live in Tatmadaw relocation sites in T'Naw Tha Ree Township, Mergui-Tavoy District travelling outside of the relocation sites to pursue livelihoods activities elsewhere in the Ma Noh Roh area. In photo E-6, villagers cut fish caught in the local river; in photo E-7 villagers engaged in trading wood are loading bamboo rafts to ship wood along the river. Residents of the area told KHRG that they are required to buy permission documents if they need to travel in the area for any purpose. [Photos: KHRG]

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Photos E-8, taken in April 2010, shows a field hut and burned rubber trees belonging Saw M--- that were destroyed by mortars launched by IB #548 on April 23rd 2010 in P---village, Waw Raw (Win Yaw) Township, Dooplaya District. Saw M---'s entire plantation of 1,600 trees is now damaged and needs to be replanted. Photo E-9, also taken in April 2010, shows rubber trees in a plantation belonging to Saw T--- that were burned and destroyed in the same incident; all 1,370 trees on his plantation will need to be replanted. [Photos: KHRG]

Photo E-10, taken in April 2010, shows Saw T---, a resident of P--- village, Waw Raw (Win Yaw) Township. Saw T---'s rubber plantation was destroyed in a fire caused by mortars launched by IB #548 on April 23rd 2010; the gas powered brush cutter he used for maintaining his plantation, pictured left, was also damaged in the fire.[27] [Photo: KHRG]

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Photo E-11, taken on January 9th 2010, shows betelnut trees in plantations maintained by villagers in Tantabin Township, Toungoo District; the trees were damaged by soldiers from Tatmadaw LIB #427, under MOC #7, who were patrolling in the area. The majority of villagers in Toungoo are dependent on producing crops such as betel and cardamom that can be transported to markets and traded to acquire rice and other essential items. [photo: KHRG]

Photo E-12, taken on February 8th 2010, shows smoke rising from burning cardamom plantations along the Kler La to Buh Hsa Kee road between See Kheh Der and Plaw Moo Der in Tantabin Township, Toungoo District. Patrolling Tatmadaw forces set fire to vegetation along the road, including cardamom plantations, while rations were being delivered to camps in the area.[28] [photo: KHRG]

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Photo E-13, taken on May 10th 2010, shows a cardamom plantation, owned by residents of Bp--- village, Than Daung Township, Toungoo District, that was destroyed in a fire set by soldiers from Tatmadaw LIB #425 based Maw Pa Der camp while on patrol. Photos E-14 and E-15, taken on May 11th 2010, show field huts belonging to Saw K--- and his cousin, both villagers from Ku--- village, which were also burned by patrolling LIB #425 troops, destroying blankets, plates and other possessions stored inside. Local sources believed that Tatmadaw soldiers were destroying plantations and homes and enforcing tight travel restrictions to clear the area for a road between Maw Pa Der and the Day Loh river, where they intend to build a dam. [Photos: KHRG]

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Photos F-1 and F-2, taken on March 26th and March 29th 2010 respectively, show two civilians after they were injured by landmines while engaging in regular livelihoods activities outside Wo--- village Tantabin Township, Toungoo Distirct. Saw Pu---, 46, stepped on a landmine while returning from his betelnut plantation to his home in Wo--- village on March 29th. Just three days earlier, on March 26th Naw Le---, 40, stepped on a mine while collecting firewood with other women from Wo--- at forested hill near the local SPDC Army camp. Both villagers injured their right legs and were assisted by their fellow villagers, who constructed stretchers and carried them to the nearest medical facility, approximately two hours away on foot. Villagers in Wo--- believed that the mines had been planted by SPDC LIB #427, which had been active in the area and maintained a camp near Wo--- since the beginning of 2010. The unit had reportedly been planting landmines carelessly around the village since it arrived in the area.[30] [Photos: KHRG]

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Photo F-3, taken on May 29th 2010, shows Saw Nu---, 18, who stepped on an SPDC landmine when returning to his village from Mo---village, Lu Thaw Township. The mine had been planted on a jungle path. [Photo: KHRG]

Photo F-4, also taken on May 29th 2010, shows Saw Qu---, 27, a gher der member from G---village, Lu Thaw Township. Saw Qu--- was familiar with the locations of some landmines planted by the KNLA and local gher der, but was injured when walking in an area he did not realise had been mined.[31] [Photo: KHRG]

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Photo F-5, taken on December 21st 2009, shows improvised KNLA landmines, often described by villagers as 'homemade' landmines. These devices typically become inactive within six months from when they are deployed. KNLA soldiers plant landmines such as these along roads, paths and near Tatmadaw camps; villagers have reported that they are usually informed of the locations of KNLA landmines. Landmines planted by all armed groups active in eastern Burma nonetheless present a risk for villagers. [Photo: KHRG]

Photo F-6, taken on December 21st 2009, shows a hand grenade belonging to a villager who resides in a hiding site in Toungoo District. The villager told a KHRG researcher that he carried this grenade for protection, in case Tatmadaw forces attacked while he was working in his hill field. Civilians trying to live in areas beyond permanent military control are in danger of being shot on sight by Tatmadaw patrols, which do not distinguish civilians from soldiers in such areas.[32] [Photo: KHRG]

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Photo G-1, taken on February 2nd 2010, shows a boy from Ba--- village, Lu Thaw Township, Papun District carrying some of his family's possessions in a gku, a kind of basket worn on the back and supported by a strap slung around the forehead that is widely used in rural eastern Burma. His family said they were fleeing to a hiding site because they heard that Tatmadaw soldiers were active near their village, and they were afraid of what would happen if the troops reached their village. [Photo: KHRG]

Photo G-2, taken on March 20th 2010, shows children living in a hiding site in Ht--- village in the Ma Noh Roh area of T'Naw Tha Ree Township, Mergui-Tavoy District. Families in hiding in Ma Noh Roh told KHRG that they fled after soldiers from Tatmadaw IB #17 set up camps in their area in March 2010 and looted villagers' property and animals. According to a KHRG field researcher, villagers in hiding in Ma Noh Roh have to be ready to flee on short notice because Tatmadaw soldiers are active nearby. Families have also reported facing a weak harvest this year, as rat infestation has resulted in the destruction of much of their paddy. [Photo: KHRG]

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Photo G-3, taken on June 2nd 2010, shows children living in Th--- village, a hiding site in Lu Thaw Township, Papun District for families from a number of upland communities threatened by Tatmadaw attacks. Older children often stay at home to look after younger siblings while their parents travel outside of the village to engage in livelihoods activities such as maintaining agricultural projects or working as wage labourers. [Photo: KHRG]

Photo G-4, taken on May 30th 2010, shows children living in D--- village, Lu Thaw Township, Papun District. These children came to D--- in 2009 when their families fled Tatmadaw attacks in Yeh Mu Bplaw village. Villagers told KHRG that many people try flee to D--- when they have to leave their villages, because their children have good opportunities to continue their education there. Ensuring that children receive education, even under extremely challenging conditions, remains a priority for many families across Karen State, and communities go to great lengths to provide flexible and resilient education systems.[33] [Photo: KHRG]

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Photo G-5, taken on May 23rd 2010, shows another child in D--- village. Other villagers told a KHRG researcher that the boy's parents had gone to clear weeds and perform other regular maintenance tasks in their hill field. [Photo: KHRG]

Photo G-6, taken in February 2010, shows children whose families fled from Leh Kee village in Lu Thaw Township, Papun District helping fell trees to prepare a new hill field. Communities in hiding in northern Karen State face several challenges to food production and security, including a scarcity of suitable land for cultivation in areas where there is less risk of Tatmadaw attacks;[34] under such circumstances, all members of a family contribute what they can to food production and livelihoods activities. [Photo: KHRG]

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Photo G-7, taken on June 2nd 2010, shows two children in D--- village on the back of an elephant. They told a KHRG field researcher that they earn money to support their families by hiring out the elephant, for example to carry firewood. [Photo: KHRG]

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Photos G-8 and G-9, taken on March 19th 2010, shows young boys from Gk--- village in Meh Gklaw village tract, Bu Tho Township, Papun District performing forced labour near their village. According to a KHRG field researcher who spoke with villagers in the area, soldiers from Tatmadaw LIB #340 that were based at a camp next to a vehicle road in Meh T'Ru village ordered Gklaw Bper village to clear brush from sections of the road near their village. The boys were not provided money or food for this labour. [Photos: KHRG]

G-10

Photo G-10, taken on February 23rd 2010, shows a boy from Hr--- village in Bu Tho Township, Papun District carrying thatch shingles to meet a forced labour order issued by a local Tatmadaw unit. Local villagers told KHRG that Tatmadaw LIB #434 soldiers active in the area demanded that residents of Hr--- fabricate and deliver 300 thatch shingles to a camp located between between Wa--- and Ta---, approximately one hour's walk from the village. [Photo: KHRG]