WHOLESALE DESTRUCTION
The SLORC/SPDC Campaign to Obliterate All Hill Villages in Papun and Eastern Nyaunglebin Districts

An Independent Report by the Karen Human Rights Group
February 15, 1998  /  KHRG #98-01

[Note: Some details have been omitted or replaced by ‘xxxx’ for Internet distribution.]

"They were going to burn our houses so they wanted us out of our houses, and they didn’t give us any chance to take our possessions. We all ran away. The Burmese took all my things and destroyed whatever they didn’t want. I had nothing. When I arrived at another place, some people who saw me gave me some clothes to wear. I fled and stayed in the forest. All the villagers stayed in the forest. We had to sleep on the ground for one or two nights, then move to another place for one or two nights. We had to run all the time, every month. We had no chance to build a hut all through hot season. Sometimes we made a roof out of grass or a plastic sheet, but we had to sleep on the ground. It was very hard to cook. We ate rice with some salt and forest vegetables. We lived like that from March until July. There were 40 families with us. A lot of people were ill: diarrhoea, malaria, beriberi, abscesses, stomach pains and so on. We had no medicine there, we just had to use the roots of trees. People died of illness, especially the children - they died of illness and weakness. Where we were staying I saw over 50 people die of illness. … Then we made a hut in our farmfield. We planted our paddy, and we were eating some that we had grown [the first rice; some can be harvested as early as October]. But on November 5^th, they [SPDC troops] came and destroyed all of it before we could finish the harvest. They burned all the paddy we had already gathered in the rice barn, and they destroyed all that we hadn’t yet harvested by walking through our fields like this [she imitated soldiers walking through the fields, sweeping machetes and rifles back and forth to knock down the stalks; once knocked down, the rice is very quickly destroyed by insects and parasites]. We ran away. After they destroyed our field we couldn’t get any more rice, we couldn’t do anything, so we lived on rice soup until the rice we had with us was gone, and then we came here. If we didn’t come here, they would shoot us if they saw us." - "Naw Muh Eh", Female, 53, Nya Mu Kwee village, Shwegyin township; fled to Thailand in Dec/97 after 8 months in hiding (Interview #52, 12/97)

Since the beginning of 1996, the State Law & Order Restoration Council (SLORC) military junta ruling Burma, renamed in November 1997 as the State Peace & Development Council (SPDC), has launched campaigns in many parts of Burma to forcibly move or wipe out all rural villages which are not under the direct physical control of an Army camp. In February/March 1997, SLORC began a campaign to forcibly relocate or obliterate all villages in the hills of Papun District, northern Karen State, and eastern Nyaunglebin District, straddling the border of Karen State and Pegu (Bago) Division. These remote hilly areas are dotted with small Karen villages averaging 10-20 families each, which have always been difficult or impossible for the Burmese military to control because the villagers always flee before they arrive. As a result, SLORC and subsequently SPDC have been carrying out a campaign to forcibly relocate those villages already close to their bases, where they can easily round up the population, and to obliterate all other villages without warning, hunting and killing on sight any villagers they see there.

The initial wave of village destruction was carried out through March and April 1997. In June, new waves of patrols were sent out to burn all remaining signs of habitation and food supplies, to hunt villagers hiding in the forest, burn them out and shoot them. Since November 1997, after the end of the rainy season, the newly-named SPDC regime sent out new patrols to burn out the hiding villagers again, to drive them off the meagre rice crops many of them had managed to plant and to destroy those crops. Through visiting destroyed villages, interviewing villagers, information compiled by independent monitors with other organisations, and some KNU field reports, KHRG has compiled a list of 105 villages ordered to relocate, 180 villages completely burned and 10 others partially burned. The population of these villages averages about 100. The shelters where villagers are hiding have also been burned whenever they are found. These lists are by no means complete, and right now SPDC patrols continue to burn villages and shoot villagers in the area. A list of 62 confirmed killings of villagers by SLORC/SPDC troops is also included in this report, though the true number is almost certainly at least double that. Many more have also died of disease and hunger while in hiding.

The main areas targetted are the Bilin (Bu Loh Kloh) and Yunzalin (Bway Loh Kloh) river valleys and adjacent areas west, north, and northeast of the town of Papun, as well as eastern Shwegyin township in Pegu Division. In the beginning approximately six SLORC Battalions were involved in the operation, and under SPDC the number has now increased to at least 10 Battalions; the Battalions are regularly rotated in and out, so that altogether since the beginning at least 23 different Battalions have been involved at one time or another.

Army columns of 50 to 300 men move from village to village. On arrival near a village, the troops first shell it with mortars from the adjacent hills, then enter the village firing at anything that moves and proceed to burn every house, farmfield hut, and shelter they find in the area. Paddy storage barns [small sheds raised on posts for storing paddy, which is unhusked rice; in this report generally referred to as ‘rice barns’] are especially sought out and burned in order to destroy the villagers’ food supply. Any villagers seen in the villages, forests, or fields are shot on sight with no questions asked. The troops bring porters with them from Shwegyin, Meh Way, Papun and other places to carry their munitions, supplies, and the food and valuables they loot from the villages, but if they need more porters they take any villagers they catch, and they have already taken many women and men, some aged over 65, for this. However, the objective is not to catch villagers, as in several cases they have surrounded villagers in field huts and then simply opened fire instead of trying to catch them. The patrols seem to have no interest in interrogating the villagers, only in eliminating them. Villages very close to Papun, Meh Way and Shwegyin have been ordered to move to Army-controlled sites such as Meh Way and the Shwegyin - Kyauk Kyi motor road, but the vast majority of villages have been given no orders whatsoever, they have simply been destroyed. Most of the villagers in the area say they do not even understand why this is being done, and that they think SLORC/SPDC is just trying to wipe out the Karen population. KNLA [Karen National Liberation Army] troops are not based in any of these villages, and have never yet been in a village when it was attacked.

The villagers generally hear up to a day in advance that a SLORC/SPDC column is coming, so they flee further into the hills and very few of them are sighted by the troops. Once the troops have destroyed their village and passed on, they survive in leaf shelters or small huts which they build in the forest and try to continue taking care of their fields. Those whose paddy storage barns have not been destroyed generally share out their rice with those who have no more food. Most are living on plain rice with some jungle leaf soup, and salt if they are lucky enough to have any. Almost all livestock has been left behind and slaughtered by SLORC/SPDC troops, who simply shoot it, eat a small part and leave the rest to rot. SPDC patrols are now returning to areas which they previously burned out in order to seek out and destroy the forest huts where the villagers are hiding, destroy any remaining rice supplies and shoot any people they can find.

Every new patrol that comes around forces the villagers to flee yet again and build new shelters elsewhere. Malaria and other fevers, diarrhoea, dysentery, and other diseases are widespread and the villagers have no medicine whatsoever. Many children and the elderly have already died. The villagers have very few belongings left and little food. Many of them managed to plant a limited rice crop in intervals between SLORC/SPDC patrols and tended it through rainy season. Some of them have managed to get a partial harvest, but in many areas Army patrols drove them off their crop at harvest and other crucial times, so the crop was lost. In some areas, particularly Shwegyin Township, troops went through the hill fields burning or knocking down the crop at harvest time. Most villagers in hiding are now sharing their rice and living on rice soup, knowing their food cannot last more than one or two more months. At least 1,500 villagers from the area have managed to escape to refugee camps in Thailand thus far, but this is difficult and dangerous because of SPDC camps and patrols along the way and the landmines placed along many of the paths by the Karen National Liberation Army (KNLA). Many of them have also heard of the abuses against refugees by Thai authorities. However, if this campaign does not stop immediately it is certain that many more will attempt to flee to Thailand.

Just to the north of Papun District, there has also been a steady increase in troop numbers in eastern Toungoo District. These troops have just completed construction of a military access road into the Bu Sah Kee area, which was formerly very difficult to access, and they have been increasingly clamping down on the civilian population there. At the same time, SPDC troops are pushing a military supply road straight across the affected areas of Shwegyin Township and Papun District, from Kyauk Kyi in Pegu Division (in the Sittang River valley of central Burma) directly eastward to Saw Hta on the Salween River, which forms the border with Thailand. This road is expected to be used as a springboard for an offensive to secure the Salween River and the entire region, to block off KNLA supply lines and the escape routes of refugees and to allow the establishment of new military camps and further sweeps through the area to wipe out the Karen civilian population. The troops have burned and destroyed all villages along the route and have been constructing the road with bulldozers under heavy military guard. The troops cannot capture enough villagers in the area to use them for forced labour on this road, but the fact that they are using bulldozers instead of bringing in forced labour from elsewhere makes it apparent that they are in a hurry to complete it. It was heavily damaged in rainy season, but is expected to be completed by mid-1998.

This report consists of a detailed breakdown of the campaign to wipe out the villages, supported by excerpts from KHRG interviews with villagers in the area and newly arrived refugees in Thailand which were conducted in June and December 1997. This is followed by an Annex of the full text of many of those interviews. Photographs of some of the affected areas have already been released in KHRG Photo Set #97-B of 22/9/97. The information for this report was gathered by KHRG through over 60 interviews with villagers in hiding and refugees, visits to approximately 30 of the destroyed villages and many hiding-places of villagers. Information was also provided by several independent human rights monitors working in the area, and KHRG would like to thank especially Saw D. M. and Saw N. N. for the information they provided. KNU field reports radioed in by frontline units were occasionally used to fill in gaps in the information. In the report we have tried to keep our descriptive analysis minimal; most of the story is told by the words of the villagers.

Abbreviations

SPDC = State Peace & Development Council, military junta ruling Burma
SLORC = State Law & Order Restoration Council, former name of the SPDC until Nov. 1997
KNU = Karen National Union, main Karen opposition group
KNLA = Karen National Liberation Army, army of the KNU
KNDO = Karen National Defence Organisation, militia/police wing of the KNU
DKBA = Democratic Karen Buddhist Army, Karen group allied with SLORC/SPDC
IB = Infantry Battalion (SLORC/SPDC), usually about 500 soldiers fighting strength
LIB = Light Infantry Battalion (SLORC/SPDC), usually about 500 soldiers fighting strength
LID = Light Infantry Division (SLORC/SPDC); one Division consists of 10 LIB battalions
Kaw Thoo Lei = The Karen homeland, also often used to mean KNU/KNLA/KNDO people
Nga pway = "Ringworm"; derogatory SLORC/SPDC name for Karen soldiers
Ko Per Baw = "Yellow Headbands", common name for the DKBA
Kyat = Burmese currency; US$1=6 Kyat at official rate, 300 Kyat at current market rate
viss = Unit of weight measure equivalent to 1.6 kilograms / 3.5 pounds

Notes regarding quotes from interviews used in the report text: Villagers’ names shown in quotation marks have been changed. ‘F’ or ‘M’ indicates gender. Villages listed are their home villages in Papun District, except where listed as ‘Shwegyin township’ which is in Nyaunglebin District. Full text of the interviews is printed in the Annex, using the same Interview Numbers.

Extent of the Campaign

"They came from Shwegyin. They burned down 20 or 30 villages. They burned down Yan Aung village and Htee Blah village. They burned down our good houses, and later they also burned down the shelters that we built in the forest, the simple shelters we built with no floors." - "Naw Htoo K’Paw", F, 36, Yan Aung village, Shwegyin township (Interview #54, 12/97)

The main region affected extends approximately 50 km (30 miles) to both the north and the south of the town of Papun in northern Karen State, and from the Salween River 40 km (25 miles) east of Papun to Shwegyin township, 50-60 km (30-35 miles) west of Papun in Nyaunglebin District of Pegu Division; making the total area of the region close to 10,000 square kilometres. A map is provided at the end of this report for further details.

In the areas south and east of Papun, most of the villages have been ordered to move; for example, all villages in the Ka Dtaing Dtee area south of Papun have reportedly been ordered to move to Ka Dtaing Dtee, and villages east of Papun have been ordered to move to SPDC Army camps at Pah Heh (Par Haik) and Toh Thay Pu. The worst hit areas are those which lie north, northwest and west of Papun, comprising the Yunzalin and Bilin river watersheds as well as the hills of eastern Shwegyin township, which lie further west and northwest of Papun, particularly in the upper Bilin River area. In these areas, many villages which are easily reached by SPDC troops have been ordered to move to SPDC-controlled villages such as Meh Way or to the Shwegyin - Kyauk Kyi motor road. However, the majority of the villages in these areas have simply been shelled and burned without warning. By visiting villages, interviewing villagers and augmenting this with information provided by other independent monitors and some KNU field reports, KHRG has compiled a list of 180 villages in Papun District and Shwegyin Township which have been completely burned, 10 other villages which have been partially burned, and several sets of shelters where the displaced villagers were hiding which have also been burned. This list is included on page 54, followed by a list on page 56 of over 100 villages which have been given orders to relocate to a SLORC/SPDC-specified site; most of these were subsequently burned and destroyed. Even these lists are not complete, and SPDC patrols continue to roam the area burning villages, shelters and food supplies.

"They burned all of them. Dta Paw Der, Thay Ko Mu Der, Wah Kee Der, Kaw Lay Der, Tay Mu Der, Ler Shu Ko, Maw Law Der, Yah Kyaw Der, Doh Daw Kee, Ku Theh Kee, Kheh Der - all!" - "Say Say Mo", F, 44, Dta Meh Der village (Interview #29, 6/97)

"They have many soldiers. They’ve also burned Kheh Pa Hta and Baw Thu - there are three villages in our area, and they’ve burned them all. Right now we dare not go back. We must watch the situation. If our rice and paddy are all gone we’ll have to find some way to survive." - "Pu Lah Neh", M, 74, Maw Lay Kaw village (Interview #45, 6/97)

"We ran away in March, when the situation became worse. Burmese soldiers destroyed our village and burned our property. They burned down my village on 12 March 1997. They burned down every house in Hsaw Tee [Shwegyin] township. There were 40 houses in my village, and there were over 300 houses in our area that were burned down. They burned down Nya Mu Kwee, Htee Muh Hta, K’Saw Wah Kwih, Meh Law Lah, Poh Loh, Kyi Zone Gone, Du Baw, Ler Hta Kwih, Tee Sgheh Hta, Ler Wah, Tee Law Klay Kee, Saw Theh Kee, Po Kha Law, Maw Hta Mee Hser, Saw Theh Hta, Hsaw Oh Kee, Hsaw Oh Hta, Der Wih Ko, Tee Blah Kee, Tee Blah Hta, Bpray Maw Kee, B’Ta Hta, Wah Ko Law Dteh, Ko Pler Hta, Ko Pler Kee, Maw Kee, Dta Thay Der, Yan Aung… I can think of those [28] villages just now. They burned down every village, every rice barn, every field, every thing, and if they saw our possessions they took whatever they wanted. If they saw people, they killed them. They even killed children. They also raped women and killed them afterwards. They just want to oppress us and rule over us, they want us to become part of their nationality." - "Naw Muh Eh", F, 53, Nya Mu Kwee village, Shwegyin township (Interview #52, 6/97)

"Ten villages [in my area] have been destroyed: Mi Hta, Maw Ghu, Meh Gha Law, Khaw Klah, Dta Kaw Hta, Meh Si Hta, Maw Thay Tha, Dta Baw Kee, K’Wah Ler, Mu Ko Law, I know of those ten." - "Saw Kaw Muh", M, 40, Maw Thay Tha village (Interview #4, 5/97)

"They burned 4 villages near here: Kaw Weh Der, Toh Hta, Saw Ner Kee, and Bo Kywe." - "Htoo Htoo Pa", M, 43, Kaw Weh Der village (Interview #16, 6/97)

"They’ve burned many villages - Toh Kee, Bo Kywe, Doh Heh Der, Kwih Toh Kee, Kyaw Law, … Bpeh Deh was burned completely." - "Saw Tha Htoo", M, 49, Toh Hta village (Interview #17, 6/97)

"They burned Kheh Pa Hta, Htoo Ta Lu, Lay Po Kaw Tee, Baw Thu and Maw Lay Kaw." - "Saw Eh Tee Kaw", M, 43, Kheh Pa Hta village (Interview #43, 6/97)

Since the operation began at least 23 different SLORC/SPDC Battalions have been involved at various times, with units of various Battalions and Divisions being regularly rotated into and out of these areas. A full SLORC/SPDC Battalion usually has a fighting strength of about 500 troops, though these are often split between different locations and as a result some of these Battalions have had only part of their troop strength involved. The same is true of the two Light Infantry Divisions involved (#44 and 77); each Light Infantry Division has 10 Battalions, though not all of these have been employed in the operation. Following is an incomplete list of the troops which have been involved: Light Infantry Divisions (LID) #44 and 77; Infantry Battalions (IB) #19, 39, 57, and 59; and Light Infantry Battalions (LIB) #20, 36, 106, 107, 340, 341, 349, 350, 356, 391, 434, 546, 547, 548, 701, 703, 704, 706, and 710. These Battalions enter the area from Shwegyin and Papun, and some also operate out of camps at Meh Way, Pwa Ghaw, Toh Thay Pu, Pah Heh, Kyauk Nyat, Maw Pu, Kler Kyo, Baw Kwaw, Ler Mu Plaw and other locations. At least 2 Battalions specially designated as part of the Army’s "Anti-Insurgent Group" (known as "say ko ker" or by its abbreviation "sa ka ka") have also been active in the operation.

The overall operation has been under the control of the Southeastern Regional Command led by Major General Ket Sein, who was made Burma’s Minister of Health upon creation of the SPDC, and who sits on the SPDC ruling council. At the beginning of the operation approximately 6 Battalions were involved at a time, but since November under the SPDC regime this number has increased to at least 10 Battalions at a time. In just one short 15-20 kilometre stretch of the Yunzalin River between Maw Pu and Kay Pu, there are now 3 Battalions on the western side of the river and 3 more on the eastern side. Some of the most active Battalions in Papun District right now are LIB #701, 703, 704, 706 and 710. #44 Light Infantry Division has begun taking part in the operation in Shwegyin Township. After the first wave of village burning in March and April 1997, Light Infantry Battalions #106, 107 and 391 were rotated out of the area and replaced by Infantry Battalions #39, 57, and 59. The number of troops present continues to increase in both Shwegyin Township to the west and in Toungoo District to the north, and it appears that these numbers will still increase further.

The DKBA (Democratic Karen Buddhist Army, a Karen group allied with SLORC/SPDC) continues to exist in Papun District, but in small numbers. It is no longer a political force in the area. According to villagers who live there, the DKBA camps in the area are always attached to SLORC/SPDC camps. The DKBA’s main function is to send a few of its armed members along with each SLORC/SPDC column in order to act as guides, to locate villagers’ food caches so they can be destroyed, to capture livestock for SLORC/SPDC troops to eat and, in villages close to SLORC/SPDC camps where villagers do not flee, to point out KNU sympathisers and their relatives to SLORC/SPDC for subsequent arrest.

"Pu Dta Muh": The Burmese stay in Kyauk Nyat, Say Mu Hta, 1½ hours’ walk from here. The Ko Per Baw stay together with them. - "Pi Blu Paw", F, 50, & "Pu Dta Muh", M, >50, Paleh Der village (Interview #13, 6/97)

"The Ko Per Baw are in Pah Heh, they come along with the Burmese. Usually about 10 of them come along." - "Saw Muh Heh", M, 23, Lay Thaw Ko village (Interview #11, 5/97)

"Yes, I am afraid of them. They stay and work together with the SLORC. Each SLORC group has only 1 or 2 of them. They show them the way and help them to find people’s rice barns and to take the people’s fowl. If people hide themselves, they try to find the people for the SLORC. Some villagers become Ko Per Baw, but not a lot. We can’t find out why they want to oppress their sisters and brothers." - "Saw Kaw Muh", M, 40, Maw Thay Tha village (Interview #4, 5/97)

"… they came to the hill just over there, very near. Then they fired it [their 81 mm. mortar] at the streams where they know people usually run and hide. They fired at every stream, and at the hills where people usually hide they kept firing until the people had to get out of there. They fired their big gun at the mouth of the stream and the source of the stream. Then they shot over there and over here, they shot all around. I was in the jungle, and 3 or 4 of the shells fell near me. Then we got out as fast as we could, because we dared not stay. They shot and shot so we ran away. We ran and ran without light because we dared not light a fire. The children kept falling down but we picked them up and pulled them because they couldn’t walk. Then we went to the cave. Even when we’d already got out of the place they were still shooting their gun. When we came back to look later we could see a lot of shell pieces. … Then they entered our village. All of us were staying at the source of the stream by then. They slept in our village for 3 nights, and they fired their big gun every day. They fired it all around, into all the areas outside the village, so we dared not stay. … When I came back to the village I could see the whole place was burned, they had burned everything everywhere." - "Pa Weh Mu", M, 48, Kyaw Law village (Interview #33, 6/97)

There have been three main waves of village destruction, the first in March/April 1997, the second in June/July 1997, and the third which began in November 1997 and is still ongoing. Columns of 50 to 300 troops set out from Shwegyin, Papun, or one of the various Army camps in the area and go through the hills from village to village, shooting on sight any villagers they see. Upon nearing a village, one group generally takes up a position on an adjacent hilltop and begins shelling the village with mortars without warning. After shelling the village, they then fire mortar shells along the streams flowing into and out of the village and at the low hilltops near the village, on the assumption that these are the routes the villagers will flee along and the places they will hide. The main column then enters the village, usually leaving a mortar team on the hill for support if necessary. In one village between the Yunzalin and Bilin Rivers the villagers subsequently found three 3-inch mortar shell carrying cases left behind by the SLORC unit who burned their village. KHRG is still investigating the origin of these markings, but a first opinion by a military source indicates that they are of British Commonwealth origin and probably at least 20-30 years old. The markings are all in English, labelling the shells as "3-inch mortar, High Explosive".

On entering the village the troops fire their automatic rifles into the air and into the forests surrounding the village, then usually pass through to the other side and clear the entire outskirts of the village as though they were in a combat situation. Once the village is secured, they begin chasing and shooting the villagers’ livestock and looting all the houses for valuables such as money, jewellery and clothing. In the houses they often also take the plates, pots and utensils, and any rice they find which they may need. When they find these things they load them into baskets on the backs of their porters, most of whom are townspeople and villagers they have rounded up in Shwegyin, Papun or Meh Way and are using for forced labour. Anything in the houses which they don’t want is destroyed, either by smashing it (for example, by poking holes in the pots and plates), or by the ensuing fire. Rice and paddy which the soldiers do not want is either dumped out on the ground and mixed with the dirt or burned together with the houses.

After the looting the houses are set on fire. The policy is to burn every house and building, including livestock sheds. In many cases, elderly or handicapped people found left behind inside their houses have been deliberately burned to death inside the house. Village schools and churches are particularly targetted for burning. By the time the burning is done, most villages are nothing but a flat plain of black ash. Soldiers search through the forest and scrub around the village looking for the villagers’ hidden rice barns, and these are systematically burned in order to destroy all food supplies so that the villagers will not be able to live in hiding near their villages. All livestock seen in the village is killed and eaten or killed and left to rot, and larger livestock such as cattle and buffaloes seen in the fields are shot on sight and usually just left to rot there.

"There were many, so many that the hill was all black with soldiers. They came shooting at us with a lot of guns, small guns and one big gun, and with RPG [rocket-propelled grenades]. At first we fled and stayed beside the Bu Lo Kloh [Bilin River], but then they fired the big gun at us so we didn’t dare stay there anymore. We ran to Dta Paw Der, and they shot the big gun again and wounded one man. He was wounded in his foot by the big gun’s shell. He was an old man, 70 or 80 years old." - "Naw Ghi Lah", F, 23, Dta Meh Der village (Interview #15, 6/97)

"All the villagers were in the forest. We saw them coming, we left the village and looked back down. We were up the hill so we saw the Burmese enter the village. First they fired their big gun [mortar] at the village from that big mountain over there. That was about 3 o’clock in the afternoon. They came after they had shot the big gun, the next morning by noon. About 100 soldiers entered the village. They came from that way, and they entered over there. They came into the village, and when they didn’t see any people they passed through and out of the village [probably to check the surroundings for people]. Then they came back again at about 3 o’clock, burned the houses and shot the chickens. They shot the pigs, shot the buffaloes for their curry, then they went back up the mountain because their friends were up there [their mortar position] and they settled down there. They slept there for 2 nights." - "Pati Htoo Kuh", M, 50, H--- village; he later found a SLORC Army unit scarf in the ruins of his village, marked "391/4" (LIB 391, Company 4) (Interview #35, 6/97)

"I was on the top of the hill. I saw them coming to the village from two sides, surrounding the village, at the bottom of the mountain. There were 50 or 60 soldiers. I didn’t see everything, but I could hear them trying to capture the chickens and I heard one young man shouting at them, maybe their leader. None of the villagers were there. Then it was quiet for a while. A moment later, they fired their big gun and I ran away from there." - "Saw Thatha", M, age 40+, Kaw Weh Der village (Interview #16, 6/97)

"Yes, I saw. A lot of them came. They came 3 times - the first time they came they burned houses, but not all of them. Eleven houses were still left. Then they came later and burned them all. They came from Papun and from Pwa Ghaw, from Ler Doh [Kyauk Kyi] and Meh Way. They came from many places. People who went to watch saw our whole village full of Burmese. They were trying to catch our chickens, and the village was full of noise. First they fired their big gun [they shelled the village], then they entered the village and shot the chickens and pigs to eat. We were just 5 minutes away. Some people tried to stay in the village, but the Burmese started shooting at them so they all ran away." - "Naw Kuh", F, 30, Maw Law village (Interview #19, 6/97)

"They came to shoot. They shot both their small guns and their big gun I think, but we were running so I don’t know exactly. They arrived after we’d already run from the village. But my older brother arrived at the village later to pound his paddy [to husk it], and he saw a big mortar shell there and the village already burned. We don’t know exactly what they did in the village, but we heard them shooting their guns and we knew that if they saw any people they would kill them. They shot one man who came from Thay Baw. He went back to fetch his pork meat but when he was returning the Burmese shot him, so he threw the pork away and ran. He was hit in his buttocks." - "Naw Wah Wah", F, 43, Bo Kywe village (Interview #27, 6/97)

"I came back from my fields and people told me the Burmese were coming so I ran straight away with my friend. Before the Burmese arrived, they fired their big gun [mortars] into the village, two shells at a time, then they came in. They came step by step along the path, firing their big gun [they fired mortars ahead of them as they advanced along the path until they arrived in the village, then fired shells after the fleeing villagers]. I dared not wait to see them. We heard the shells very close to us. I had already hidden my belongings in the forest but I couldn’t go and get them. People gave me this shirt I’m wearing. I had bought some new clothes and hid them in the forest, but I didn’t have time to go and get them." - "Naw Thay Paw", F, 40, Baw Kwaw village, Shwegyin township (Interview #10, 5/97)

"They burned our houses, our paddy and rice and our farm huts, and then they killed our farm animals. They destroyed everything. We weren’t here when they arrived, we had all run away already. … there were 27 houses. They burned all, there are none left. They burned 2, 3, … no, 4 rice barns, and 2 sheds. We don’t have much rice left. They killed our livestock - 3 buffaloes, and 12 pigs. … They burned everything. [Another villager:] First they took the pots and machetes." - "Pu Tha Ghay", M, 77, Kaw Mu Bwa Der village (Interview #28, 6/97)

"We ran when they fired their gun at our village. I heard it, and when the shell landed in our place we started to run. It was a big gun [mortar]. They shot it at the village. One person was wounded when we were running outside the village. He was hit in the leg by a piece of the big gun’s shell. His name is Htoo Kaw Heh. He is 70 or 80 years old, he has a wife and 4 children. Now they are still over there, near the Burmese camp. … They fired more than one hundred big shells, maybe 120 or 130 - that’s only from their big gun. They fired it several times, every day for one month. Some shells fell in the village, some outside the village." - "Pati Kweh Say", M, 40+, Dta Paw Der village (Interview #30, 6/97)

"When they entered the villages there were no people there, so they went into all the houses to look for things, and if they saw anything they took it. They took all the good clothes, like our Karen [handwoven traditional] clothes and shirts. If they saw the black blouses for women, they took those also. They took Karen women’s sarongs. They took both men’s and women’s clothing. Then the porters had to carry it all for them. They did that in every village they entered." - "Pu Lay Htoo", M, 65, Paw Say village, who was captured and used as a porter for over a week (Interview #47, 6/97)

"The Burmese came in and oppressed the villagers. They burned 15 rice barns, 13 houses and they took all the people’s boxes [wooden boxes where people keep their good clothing and valuables]. They took pots, plates, clothing and all our belongings. They destroyed all the rice and cut down our paddy. They destroyed all the tobacco and they made holes in our plates, the stepped on our pots until they broke into pieces and they destroyed all the thread we had for weaving. They ate all the fowl, the chickens, the pigs, our cattle and buffalos." - "Saw Thay Tha", M, 25, Toh Thay Der village (Interview #12, 5/97)

"They came and burned our houses and our rice barns. It was more than 2 months ago, on 15 March ’97. They’ve burned all the houses and everything near Bu Loh Kloh [Bilin River]. They have burned all the villages that were close. They have carried off the rice and burned all the rice barns. When they couldn’t carry all the rice they mixed it with sand and destroyed it. They walked on it and covered it with sand. When we went to get it we saw all the sand in our rice and we dared not eat it. I’m sure they were laughing." - "Naw Thay Paw", F, 40, Baw Kwaw village, Shwegyin township (Interview #10, 5/97)

"I was in the village but escaped. I’d heard they had come to other places not far away but I thought they wouldn’t arrive at our village. Then suddenly they arrived. I ran up into the hills, to the source of the stream. … They destroyed things, burned houses and ate our poultry and farm animals. The houses that they burned were full with many precious things. There are 16 houses in Kwih Toh Kee village, and they burned 15 of them. My house was burned. They shot our chickens and ate them, we lost many of them. They shot my only pig. … They didn’t burn my rice barn because it is in the forest, but I’d carried 8 baskets of paddy to my house and they burned that. Everyone’s paddy was burned. … They didn’t stay there, they just burned the houses and ate the chickens and then they went on to Kyaw Law and slept there. They burned Kyaw Law too, and they destroyed a lot of rice there." - "Pi Ler Wah", F, over 60, Kwih Toh Kee village (Interview #32, 6/97)

"I was a little way above the village. If I’d been in the village, I’d be dead. When they arrived they shot pigs, shot chickens, burned the village and the rice barns. We ran up the hills and we watched them. We saw them when they came. They fired their big gun [mortar] and we ran. They fired the big gun twice, the first shell hit the lower part of the village and the second shell landed right in the village. Then they fired a lot with their small guns. If we’d still been in the village we would have died. There were maybe 30 soldiers, but we couldn’t count them because we were watching them from far away. I think they were from Baw Kwaw. They didn’t see us. If they had seen us they would have shot at us with the big gun. They slept outside our village for one night, then they went back to Baw Kwaw." - "Saw Muh Lah", M, 43, Lay Po Kaw Tee village (Interview #38, 6/97)

"My new house was right here, it had only been finished for one month and they burned it. When they came we weren’t in the village, we were over there on that hill. We knew that they had gone out and that they would have to come back this way, so that we should go away and let them come. If we didn’t go away it would not be easy for us. … We heard them come when they started shooting their guns - their big gun [mortar], and G2 and G3 [assault rifles]. I think they were shooting at our pigs and other livestock. The Burmese ate 3 of our pigs. They burned 5 or 6 houses, and they left as soon as they were finished burning them. They didn’t sleep at the village, they slept on the way back to Baw Kwaw and they reached Baw Kwaw the next day." - "Pu Lah Kuh", M, 63, N--- village (Interview #37, 6/97)

"[They burned the village] on the 22^nd of March. We had already run away, so they didn’t see anyone in the village. They burned all the houses. They saw only 2 rice barns there in the village so they burned those, but all the paddy people had stored in their houses and huts was also burned together with the houses. … The villagers ran to the forest. Before the Burmese came they had already hidden some of their things in the forest, and when the Burmese came they just ran into the forest with as much food as they could carry." - "Pu Lah Neh", M, 74, Maw Lay Kaw village (Interview #45, 6/97)

Villagers found in their villages or sighted in the fields are shot on sight with no questions asked. The only exceptions occur if the column happens to need more porters, and in that case a captured villager will be used as a porter; but if no porters are needed the captured villager is executed, and if he tries to run he is shot. A list of 62 such confirmed killings is included on page 58 of this report, though the real number is probably at least double that. In several cases SLORC/SPDC patrols have surrounded farmfield huts knowing there are villagers inside and simply opened fire into the hut, after which they burn it with the villagers’ bodies still inside. This was how the 53-year-old wife of the Yeh Mu Plaw village tract headman was executed by Infantry Battalion #57 on 1 June 1997, and on 8 June a man over 65 was killed in the exact same way in Kyah Po Der, near Papun.

"On the 1^st of June ’97. They shot her dead at Htee Mu Deh, they shot her in our farmfield hut. It is just west of here, half an hour’s walk. I was away at Bwa Heh Der. The Burmese came to the hut and shot her. They came across the Bu Loh Kloh [Bilin River] from Dta Meh Der. They were from #57 Battalion, my guess is that there were about 50 soldiers. They saw some people who had gone to fetch their cattle and followed them back along the path. I was told that at the time she was sitting in our hut, putting water in the hollow bamboos [bamboo is used to carry and store water in the villages]. The Burmese came quietly and shot her. She never saw them, she was inside the hut and they came out of the forest. They saw her in the hut. I don’t know why they shot her dead, but then they burned the hut until nothing was left but ashes. They didn’t come on to the village, they shot her and then they went back. I heard the news the same day. One of the men saw it, my daughter’s husband P---. The Burmese saw him and shot at him, a bullet just missed him and he ran away. … We went but we didn’t see her body, only her bones in the ashes, so I took the bones and buried them beside the hut. My wife’s name was Naw Lah Kweh, she was 53. We’d been married for 32 years." - "Pu Tha Muh Heh", M, 55, Yeh Mu Plaw village, describing the murder of his wife one week earlier by IB #57 (Interview #22, 6/97)

Many villagers are still alive after being shot on sight. Some have fled only to bleed to death later, like Saw Mu Pa Heh, a teenage boy from Ku Day village who was shot on sight when going home after weeding his family’s ricefield. In other cases the troops have approached the wounded villagers and killed them with knives. They have even done this to children aged 5 and 8 (from Ko Reh Kee village; see Interview #4). Saw Maw Ko, a 12-year-old boy from Tee Blah village, was shot in the leg while trying to harvest rice in his field in November 1997, and while he lay on the ground the troops approached and executed him with a knife (see Interview #52). The troops seem to have no interest in interrogating the villagers; their goal is simply to eliminate them.

"No, they never say anything. They just fired guns, both big and small guns. Later the villagers went to find Saw Maw Ko’s body, but they couldn’t bury him because it had already decomposed too much. The Burmese had shot him in the leg and broken it, and then killed him with a knife." - "Naw Muh Eh", F, 53, Nya Mu Kwee village, Shwegyin township (Interview #52, 12/97)

"They shot my husband and one of my cousins to death. Another one was wounded. My husband’s name was Maung Aye. He was 37 years old, not so different in age with me. They shot him on August 4^th at Lay K’Tee. The people gave him the duty to be the village headman. He grew rice. When he couldn’t sow paddy in his field, he went to get betel leaves. He was going to sell them and buy rice for us. When they were going to do this, the Burmese soldiers shot them. Seven or eight of his friends went with them. They ran to escape and they escaped. As for him and my cousin, they couldn’t run swiftly enough, so they were shot and killed. A third man was shot in his hand [she indicated between his index finger and his thumb]. The people who went with him came back and told me. I was in the forest. They told me the Burmese shot my husband in the leg and it was broken, but he was not dead. After that they tortured him badly. Then they stabbed him to death with a knife. When I thought about that, I didn’t want to live at all. … It is best never to meet the soldiers. If they see people, they kill them all. He just went to get betelnut leaves to sell so he could buy rice for us. Now he has left me with my little children. I couldn’t do anything, but my friends shared with me what they had. Two of my younger relatives went and buried my husband. … I remember him. I can never forget him. While I was climbing up the mountains with my children, I felt very tired, I couldn’t go on anymore and we fell behind, and still I remembered him. I can’t forget him, but there is nothing I can do." - "Naw Htoo K’Paw", F, 36, Yan Aung village, Shwegyin township; lived in hiding in the forest from March-December 1997 before fleeing to Thailand, and a SLORC patrol shot her husband dead in August (Interview #54, 12/97)

"I was in the forest near Lay Kaw Der. I wasn’t doing anything. We were going to burn off our field. They were coming upstream and we were going downstream. They came and I didn’t see them. They saw us and shot us. They fired one time, with a small gun [rifle]. Then we ran and they didn’t shoot again. … I ran straight away. I knew I was hurt. I ran to Day Law Po. Both of us ran together, my friend K--- and I. My mother was staying in a field near Day Law Po, and we ran to her there. We put on some herbs and made a bandage from our clothes. I didn’t see a doctor [medic] for a week. We stayed there a week without any medicine. Then we ran to T--- and we saw a medic there, while we were still fleeing [they encountered a Karen Army unit with a medic and received treatment]. It was very painful, but I wasn’t unconscious. I could walk by myself. Then we arrived here, about a month ago. … [Now I’m doing] nothing. I’m staying with my parents. I can’t cut bamboo. I can’t work in the fields. I can lift my arm but I can’t do any work. I think it will be one year before I can work. But if the Burmese come I can run." - "Saw Tee Doh", M, 17, Lay Kaw Der village; in May 1997 he was shot on sight by a SLORC patrol he didn’t even see. The assault rifle bullet went right through his right arm, then left a wide graze wound across his back. When interviewed he still had open wounds and was living in a tiny leaf lean-to in hiding in the hills with his parents (Interview #41, 6/97)

"They came in our village and shot at the villagers, and when the villagers saw them they all ran. They saw my daughter and shot at her, and afterward there were bullet holes all over her dress but she was safe, she was not killed. My nephew was shot dead. His name was Pa Hai Nyaw. He had passed 7^th Standard. He was 20 years old but he was still a schoolboy. They shot him outside the village, when he was trying to come back to his house. They shot him all over his body - his arm was broken and his legs as well. They shot him up until his whole body was in pieces, here, here, here… [she pointed to her chin, forehead, nose, right arm, and leg]" - "Pi Blu Paw", F, 50, Paleh Der village (Interview #13, 6/97)

"We knew that the Burmese were coming so we ran away. When they came into the village they looked around the village, shot some of our pigs and killed some of our chickens. Then they went to that stream, climbed the mountain and saw us at the place where we were hiding, and they shot at us there. They shot with G4’s [automatic assault rifles]. They shot at one girl but she was running and the bullets ripped through her dress and tore part of it away. They shot at me and didn’t hit me, but the bullets went right through my sarong - they hit my sarong here, you can see the two holes. I was running. Three of us got holes in our sarongs like these, and they shot at two young ‘say mu wah’ girls [unmarried young girls who wear the traditional white dress], the bullets tore part of their dresses away. But no one was wounded, and we ran." - "Saw Thee Way", M, 49, Paleh Der village (Interview #48, 6/97)

"They captured one woman, my sister-in-law. She stays with me in Kyaw Law village. She is not normal [mentally handicapped], and when we ran to the forest we called her to run with us but she didn’t, she ran off alone. When the Burmese were firing the big gun she went back, and they saw her and captured her. I don’t know what happened to her. We heard that they tied up her hands and pulled her along with them to Baw Kwaw, at the Bu Loh Kloh [Bilin River; they heard this from other villagers who thought they’d seen her]. We haven’t heard that they’ve killed her. We’ve never seen her again. … Her name is Naw Reh Lee. She is 30 years old. She’s already married, but her husband left her and never took care of her. She has no children. Her husband is in Meh Way now. … I think they have killed her by now. I don’t know. She’s disappeared since they captured her, I’m not sure if they’ve killed her or not. I don’t dare go to ask them." - "Pa Weh Mu", M, 48, Kyaw Law village (Interview #33, 6/97)

"…we don’t do as they order us to do, so they destroy our villages. They’ve shot dead two people in my village tract, one in Lay Po Kaw Tee [at Maw Day] and another in Wah Kah Der. At Lay Po Kaw Tee they killed Po Lah, I think he was about 45. He had a wife and 2 children. He went to burn off the weeds in his field, and on his way back he met the Burmese. They shot him and he died. In Wah Kah Der they killed Saw Ghu. He was 32, with a wife and 2 children. They shot him near his village. He ran when the Burmese arrived there but it was too late. The Burmese saw him and shot him down, and he died. His family already left for xxxx [a refugee camp in Thailand]. They killed him on March 27^th, and they killed Po Lah on March 28^th." - "Saw Hsah Htoo", M, 43, Kheh Pa Hta village (Interview #46, 6/97)

"They shot dead one villager in Maw Day. They caught him at the foot of the cliff and killed him. He couldn’t escape. His name was Po Lah. He was about 35, he had two children. Now his wife and children stay upriver from here. Every one of us has come close to being killed by the Burmese. If they see us we must die." - "Saw Muh Lah", M, 43, Lay Po Kaw Tee village (Interview #38, 6/97)

"The Burmese also shot dead three people. One was Saw Pay Heh and another was Pa Klay. Pa Klay was already 40, Saw Pay Heh hadn’t turned 35 yet. The third man was just over 20 years old, but I forget his name. Two of them were from Thay Ko Mu Der, and the other was from Lay Po Der. Pa Klay was from Thay Ko Mu Der. They all had wives and children, their children are still very small. Now their wives and children are in xxxx and yyyy. … [They killed the 3 men] In March, before they captured me. They shot them in their fields when they were running. They killed them in the fields at Klo Tho Hta." - "Pu Lay Htoo", M, 65, Paw Say village (Interview #47, 6/97)

"They shoot at villagers, and they killed my son. They shot him here, the bullet hit him in the back of his head and then came out here [his forehead]. They shot him in the arms, once here, once here [in both upper arms], and both of his legs also, here [both upper legs]. Two bullets in the head, in both sides of the back of his head. He was only 18 years old. … His name is Saw Eh K’Lu. He was a single boy, he was still in school. He left us with only one boy. He had 4 sisters and one brother, he was the eldest. I am his father, here is his mother and this is his house. He was still studying at the school in xxxx, he was in 9^th Standard. He just came back to visit and sleep here for two nights. He was going to go back when school re-opened, but the SLORC shot him dead. They shot him just over there on that hill, just outside the village. When they shot him he was running back to our house to save us. He was outside the village. We heard the Burmese coming and shooting, so we ran out of the village. But he didn’t know, he came running back to the village to see us and warn us, the SLORC saw him and shot him on the path. He was just coming back to help his mother and father. … they shot my son at 3 or 4 o’clock in the afternoon, and later we came back. We didn’t see my son, so we thought that he’d run away in fear of the Burmese. The Burmese had already killed him but we didn’t know about that, so we waited for our son to come back for 2 days without knowing he was dead. We didn’t know they’d shot him. Then we were coming back to our house, and on the hill we saw him. We saw that they’d shot him here, here, and here [pointing again to two bullets in the back of the head, as well as bullets in both arms and legs]. My son was 18 years old, his name was Saw Eh K’Lu. We dug a grave and buried him. … When they come to our village they see us and shoot us. They don’t think of us as human. They know that we are just villagers but they want to persecute us. Man or woman, they shoot everyone. But they couldn’t shoot everyone, so they just shot my son." - "Saw Thee Way", M, 49, Paleh Der village (Interview #48, 6/97)

Some SLORC/SPDC columns pass through the area in transit to other camps or are in a hurry. If these columns observe a village or hiding place which has not been burned and if they have no time to burn it or if heavy rains prevent a good fire, they generally report it to the troops at their destination and a search and destroy patrol is sent to burn the site. In most parts of the area, columns pass through at least once a month to destroy any remaining food supplies, crops or signs of habitation and to hunt villagers. Hidden rice barns and shelters where villagers have been hiding in the forest are systematically burned, forcing the villagers to flee again and again further into the hills. In the Bilin River valley and eastern Shwegyin township, this happens as often as two or three times per month. The current dry season will last until June 1998, and it is likely that with the increased troop concentrations in the area these patrols will occur very frequently at least until then, making it very difficult for the villagers to remain in hiding or to prepare fields for the upcoming crop season.

"The SLORC keep coming again and again, so we have to live in the forest. This year they’ve come into our village 4 times, and they’ve come near our village many more times than that. We have to run very often. At least once a month they come near our village so we can’t stay there. Now they’ve burned our houses, our rice barns and everything we had, so we have nothing. Every time they come they burn something. The first time they burned the houses and left 2 or 3 unburned, but they came and burned those the next time. The first time they came they burned any rice barns they saw, but they come many times until eventually they’ve found and burned every rice barn. After their fourth visit we’d lost everything, we didn’t even have any paddy left. … 26 houses. They burned every house, field hut, and buffalo shed, and also our church and our school. We had a middle school in Kheh Pa Hta, up to 7^th Standard." - "Saw Eh Tee Kaw", M, 43, Kheh Pa Hta village, met while he was fleeing a SLORC patrol; the church in the village had just been built with timber, decorative glass windows, metal roofing and a metal bell in the steeple, all of the materials hauled across the mountains at a total cost of 200,000 Kyat. It was completely destroyed (Interview #43, 6/97)

"Then we built shelters above the village because we didn’t dare live in the village. We thought we could plant a crop, so we had already cleared the weeds. Then they came a second time, 2 weeks ago. They came to the place where we were staying, so we had to run to this side [of the river]. Then when we were staying on this side they came back a third time, one week ago. They came right here. So we ran further that time, and we’ve just come back 3 days ago. We can never stay in one place, we have to keep running like this. We’re very afraid that they’ll see us. If they come again we’ll run further than before." - "Saw Muh Lah", M, 43, Lay Po Kaw Tee village (Interview #38, 6/97)

"Lay Po Kaw Tee has over 20 houses, and including Lo Plah [another village which is considered part of Lay Po Kaw Tee] there are 30 houses. The Burmese burned them all. The first time they burned 2 rice barns too, and the last time they burned 5 more rice barns. We had to run twice. The first time we ran and stayed here for one week, then we went back to the other side of the river, to Tee Mu Hta, and we built one shelter for each family. Then on their second trip the Burmese burned those houses too. There were many soldiers. Some villagers told us that they’d seen the footprints of the Burmese, so we ran away from that place before they arrived there. When they came they fired their big gun 4 times. Some of the shells fell short of the villagers, and the others went over our heads. We were very afraid." - "Po Aye", M, 50, Lay Po Kaw Tee village; he had been living in a tiny leaf lean-to hidden among the hills since SLORC troops burned the first hidden shelters he and other villagers had built near the Bilin River (Interview #42, 6/97)

"The first time they didn’t burn the school. The second time they burned it but they couldn’t burn it all, only one side of it burned [they set it on fire but the fire didn’t catch properly because of the rain; only the front of the school burned]. The first time they came was the 13^th of March, but they just passed by without burning the village. Then on their way back they burned the village, on March 22^nd. The third time was on June 6^th or 7^th, that’s when they burned the school." - "Pu Lah Neh", M, 74, Maw Lay Kaw village (Interview #45, 6/97)

"They came 3 times. They have burned our houses two times [the first time they burned the village, the second time their shelters in the forest] and the other time they came to eat our animals and pass through. The last time was a week ago …" - "Pu Lay Doh Htoo", M, 63, Lay Po Kaw Tee village (Interview #39, 6/97)

"About 500 soldiers came. Altogether more than 1,000 came into 3^rd Brigade area [eastern Nyaunglebin District, up the Bilin River]. When they entered villages and started shooting, all the villagers ran away. Then they burned all the houses, shot the animals and left the village. They took everything they saw. The villagers ran to xxxx and yyyy, and no one took anything with them. Now some stay in the village, some stay outside the villages. If they can make fields this year we will be okay, but if there are problems it won’t be easy. I think the Burmese will come again. If they keep coming like this the villagers can’t stay anymore. The rains have started and they have no roof, it is not easy." - "Pu Tha Mu Heh", M, 55, Yeh Mu Plaw village (Interview #22, 6/97)

"I am from Bpeh Deh village. There were 5 houses here. Two months ago they burned them all. They burned all of my belongings. They also burned 4 of our rice barns altogether. They burned many rice barns. … When we heard they were coming we dared not stay, we ran away. We ran very far, we ran to Haw Kee and then to Lay Kaw, we ran and ran from place to place. We are very afraid of them. We didn’t dare stay to see them, but when they came and burned our place some people came back to look, and they saw the smoke of the fire." - "Naw Mu Dah", F, 41, Bpeh Deh village, found wandering through the ashes of her village (Interview #34, 6/97)

"When the Burmese came last time they saw the villagers and shot at them, but no one was hurt. Then they went into the fields of Thay Ko Mu Der, and in the fields they shot 3 villagers. Their names were Po Taw Ku, Saw Pay Heh and Pa Klay. They were all about 30, though I don’t know their exact ages. They all had wives and children. One of them was from Thay Ko Mu Der, one from Lay Po Der and one from Tha Thwee Der. The Burmese saw them when they were walking and called them, but they tried to run away so the Burmese shot them and they died. That was 2 months ago. Then the Burmese went on to Day Pu Noh and found the things the villagers had hidden in the forest along the way [rice and belongings], and they took all those things." - "Thra Tha Yu Heh", M, 49, Thay Ko Mu Der village (Interview #31, 6/97)

"They shoot their big and small guns when they come, and we run when we hear the sound. They try to shoot the villagers. They fire their big gun [mortar] at all the places where they guess the villagers might be, in the village, at the source of the streams and along the streams. If they see villagers on their way, they shoot them. So this time we ran into the forest with some rice and climbed up this mountain. Now I’m feeling very tired." - "Saw Eh Tee Kaw", M, 43, Kheh Pa Hta village, met while he was fleeing a SLORC patrol (Interview #43, 6/97)

"They shot at them. They’ve always shot people dead in our area. If we count for the whole time since we started running [22 years ago], they’ve shot dead a great many people. They don’t capture us, they just shoot us if they see us." - "Saw Pah Thu", M, 30, Day Oo Koh village, Shwegyin township; his village was destroyed at the start of the 4 Cuts in 1975, he’s been living from place to place in the forest for 22 years, but in 1997 he couldn’t survive anymore so he fled in December to Thailand (Interview #55, 12/97)

"First they shot their big gun, then they burned the village, then they took our livestock to eat. They burned all the houses and the rice that they saw on their way. They looked for rice and other things they could burn. When they saw our boxes filled with clothes and money they took it all, then they saw people and captured them. They did terrible things. They destroyed everything we had. Now we don’t even have clothes to wear, we don’t even have salt or chillies, all of it they destroyed. They burned all our rice and paddy. In Kyaw Law village there were 15 houses, they burned them all. Two people didn’t lose their rice barns because those were in the forest. But if the Burmese had seen those they would have burned them. They burn everything they see." - "Pa Weh Mu", M, 48, Kyaw Law village (Interview #33, 6/97)

"The first time they burned the houses and left 2 or 3 unburned, but they came and burned those the next time. The first time they came they burned any rice barns they saw, but they come many times until eventually they’ve found and burned every rice barn. After their fourth visit we’d lost everything, we didn’t even have any paddy left." - "Saw Eh Tee Kaw", M, 43, Kheh Pa Hta village (Interview #43, 6/97)

"We all were supposed to move to Meh Way - about 6,000 households [from all the villages]. They said that they fight the Nga Pway ["Ringworms", SLORC/SPDC name for Karen forces] but that they never succeed because of us, the villagers. They told us that if we all die, they will only have to fight for a short time. Four households [from his village] went to Meh Way. I don’t know how they will live, but I think it will be very hard for them, always carrying things. They have to stay close to the the soldiers. They’ve made three camps to surround the villagers. They keep the villagers in the middle. They have a Byu Ha [Strategic Command] there, and the Battalion is #546. The name of the major is Thura Bo Ni, and the Column Commander is Hla Htun." - "Saw Htoo Klih", M, 46, Ler Htoo Po village just above Meh Way (Interview #8, 5/97)

In areas where villagers do not flee SLORC/SPDC troops or where many of them are caught in their villages, they are all ordered to move to relocation sites. Many villages in the south of Papun District and those near Papun and Meh Way have had so many SLORC patrols pass through their villages in the past 3 years that living in hiding has not been possible, and they have grown used to leaving at least some people, such as the elderly, in their villages to face the patrols when they come. In these areas, SLORC has issued forced relocation orders which generally tell the villagers that they must move to a SLORC/SPDC-controlled site within a few days or be shot on sight, and that their village has been marked for destruction. Some villages included in the written orders, and many which are not, never received anything in writing but only learned that they were ordered to move when captured by patrols, or by talking to people from other villages who had been told of the order by SLORC/SPDC troops. A list of 105 villages which have either received a written order or some indication of a spoken order to move is included later in this report (page 56), though this list is far from complete.

The following two pages give the direct translation of one written relocation order which was issued in April 1997. A photocopy of the original order in Burmese is included on pages 60-61. This order identifies 64 villages which are supposed to move, though many of these villages never received a copy of it.

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Villages were ordered to move to SLORC/SPDC-controlled garrison villages, military camps, or SLORC/SPDC-controlled sites along car roads. Villages throughout the Ka Dtaing Dtee area south of Papun were not burned but were ordered to move to Ka Dtaing Dtee, the major village in the area. Many villages east and northeast of Papun were ordered to move to the perimeter of SLORC/SPDC Army camps at Pah Heh and Toh Thay Pu. Many villages along the Bilin River valley were ordered to move to the major village of Meh Way where there was a SLORC/SPDC military camp. Villages in Shwegyin Township of Nyaunglebin District were generally ordered to move westward into the plains to sites along the Shwegyin - Kyauk Kyi motor road, where they will almost certainly be used as forced labour on road maintenance work. At least five villages (Wah May Kyo, Htee Muh Hta, Deh Oo Po, Saw Theh Kee, and Bweh Si Kee) were ordered to move to one such site known as Than Seit Min Lang.

"They said to us, "People who won’t come to our place must run away. People who don’t want to run away must come to us. People who neither run away nor come to us must die." As for us, we didn’t want to go to their place so we ran away and they burned all our houses. The soldiers were from Shwegyin. There were many of them from three battalions: 57, 349, and 350. They forced all the villages below ours to go with them to Meh Way, but not ours. They just burned down our village. Ours and the other villages had to go to the motor road at a place called Than Seit Min Lang, along the road from Shwegyin to Ler Doh [Kyauk Kyi]. Those villages were Wah May Kyo, Htee Muh Hta, Deh Oo Po Kyaw Ther Kee, and Bweh Si Kee. Five villages. They burned down all those villages too." - "Saw Pah Htoo", M, 27, Htee Muh Hta village, Shwegyin township (Interview #51, 12/97)

Meh Way, a village of an estimated 200 households in the Bilin River valley, has been one of the major relocation sites because it is just at the southern edge of one of the regions hardest hit by this campaign. At least 36 villages have been explicitly ordered to move there, and our list is by no means complete. In addition, according to villagers who have been ordered to move it appears that many other villages would also be ordered to move there if SLORC/SPDC had a chance to issue the movement orders, but the villagers keep fleeing. This explains the reference in the written relocation order above to "Small villages, even those not included in the above list", all of which are to be destroyed even though they are not named in the order and did not receive a copy of it.

"The Burmese stayed in Meh Way. They built 3 camps for themselves there with 3 rings of fences around each camp, and 2 Battalions came to stay. Each Battalion has over 200 soldiers. There are Battalions #356, 546, 77… [77 is actually a Light Infantry Division] Just now they’re not staying there, they’ve gone somewhere else. … They haven’t burned Meh Way because they have their camps there. There are still 30 or 40 families living there. There were about 70 households, but some have fled this way and some have fled to the towns. The Burmese ordered us to do things for them, like dig holes, build barracks, and make fences to protect them from their enemies. … they order the villagers from other villages to move to Meh Way and then they order them to work for them as they like. The Burmese forced all the Meh Way villagers living outside the village to come and stay right in the village, they said if they didn’t come they would shoot them dead on sight. Over 400 households from other villages came. They had to build huts all in a line, like this. The Burmese ordered them to build their huts themselves like that. Then they had to work for the Burmese just like the Meh Way villagers. We have to work for them for five days, then we get a rest to work for ourselves for 2 or 3 days, then we have to do their work again - everyone has to do that." - "Saw Toh Wah", M, 45, Meh Way village; interviewed as he was fleeing Meh Way with his family. Meh Way is being used by SPDC as an army base and relocation site (Interview #49, 6/97)

In early 1997 SLORC LIB #546 established 3 military camps surrounding the people of Meh Way, which originally had about 200 households. After several thousand people had been forced to move there and build huts between all these camps, they were constantly used for forced labour along with the Meh Way villagers, building and maintaining these camps and going as porters and human minesweepers with the search and destroy columns which were going out to burn the villages and hunt villagers. The troops withdrew from the village, apparently rotated out of the area. The Battalions continuing the operation came from other camps. KNLA forces then entered Meh Way, burned and destroyed the SLORC camps. Many of the villagers who had been relocated there asked the KNLA soldiers to burn their huts as well, in hopes that if they were caught after leaving the relocation site they could tell SLORC forces that they’d left because the KNLA had burned their houses. As a result, the villagers and the KNLA burned many of the relocation huts and there was a steady flow of villagers leaving Meh Way until very few forcibly relocated villagers remained there. However, after rainy season ended in October, troops from LIB #350 and IB #57 came to Meh Way and based themselves there again. In November they had still not built a camp, but were staying in the houses of all the villagers. They began forcing villagers from surrounding villages to move to Meh Way again, often driving them at gunpoint if they found them. According to KNU reports the commander of this column, Myo Myint Thein, told the villagers that they must provide food for the 50 porters brought from Shwegyin by the troops, and that Meh Way villagers would be taken in place of any porters who escaped. He confiscated 1,024 tins of rice from a local trader for his soldiers’ rations, then began confiscating rice from the villagers. In December the troops said that each family would have to give 2 tins (about 33 kg/72 lb) of rice per month, claiming that this is because they plan to build 30 pagodas in the area. The troops bring no rations with them. Meh Way villagers and those forced to move there are still being used as forced labour, both as porters and to build things for the troops.

"When they came in May they were ordering everyone to move to Meh Way, which is where they stay. So at first many villagers went and stayed at Meh Way, but little by little they all left there and went back around their villages again until there was no one left staying at Meh Way. When the Burmese came again, whenever they saw families heading back toward their villages they took them and forced them back to Meh Way again. At that time they’d already burned down all the villages. Only the villages on the other [western] side of the [Bilin] river ever went to Meh Way, like Meh Si Hta, Baw Law Kee, Toh Baw Saw Kee, Ker Kaw Law, and Meh Gha Law, I don’t know how many altogether. But on this [eastern] side of the river, people never went even though the SLORC tried to drive them there. … they don’t have a camp there now, they stay in the houses of all the villagers. [They previously had 3 camps there, but when they left the village for a period in mid-1997 the KNLA burned all their camps.] They are from Infantry Battalion #57. The villagers there have to be porters and go wherever the SLORC goes, they always have to carry heavy loads for the SLORC. They are all complaining of all the work they have to do for SLORC. They are all hoping to escape." - "Pu Ler Mu", M, 60, Maw Thay Tha village, just north of Meh Way; his village was burned in May, he lived in hiding until end of November, then had to flee to Thailand because he had no more rice (Interview #50, 12/97)

"Ten of them. Lay Hta, Naw Po, Baw Wah Der, Meh Gha Law, T’Kaw Hta, Maw Thay Tha, Dta Baw Kee, Ko Reh Kee, … When they [SLORC troops] came to Dta Baw Kee they built a temporary military camp, then they ordered the villagers to stay with them in the camp. After that they moved all the villagers to Meh Way. Meh Way is the soldiers’ permanent camp." - "Saw K’Mwee", M, 48, Lay Hta village (Interview #6, 5/97)

"When they first came, they did not burn down the village. They ordered all of the villagers to come out of our houses and then commanded us to bring all of our rice and paddy which we kept in the forest into the village [many people keep their paddy in rice barns well outside the village to prevent it being looted by SPDC troops]. They said that they would kill the people who are living outside of the village. After that they went back. When they came the next time, we had already brought all of our rice and paddy back to the village. They ordered all of us to come out of our houses, and they told us that they would force us to go to Meh Way. Then they burned down everything in our village, but they didn’t force us to go to Meh Way, they just went away without a word. We couldn’t understand what was going on, so we all ran away into the forest. Every villager ran away." - "Saw Pah Htoo", M, 27, Htee Muh Hta village, Shwegyin township (Interview #51, 12/97)

"They are looking for us. They came to kill us. They consider us as their enemies. They want to destroy the Karen nationality. … We’ve heard they want that [the villagers to move to a SLORC-controlled site] but we wouldn’t dare go. Even when they don’t see us they try to shoot us, so if we go among them it will be even more terrible." - "Po Aye", M, 50, Lay Po Kaw Tee village; interviewed while in hiding in a tiny leaf lean-to hidden among the hills. SLORC troops burned the first hidden shelters he and other villagers had built near the Bilin River (Interview #42, 6/97)

"We carried their things but they didn’t call us porters, they called us "Nga Pway ration officers". Usually two of them would lift our loads up onto our backs, then if we were unable to stand up they would shout at us, "Nga lo ma tha, Nga Pway ration officer!" ["Fuck your mother, you Ringworm ration officer!"]. Then they stomped on us, and if we were on the ground we had to get back on our feet very quickly or they would keep stomping on us. … A lot got sick but they didn’t give them any medicine. They just made them go on like that, and they lost porters one by one. I don’t know if they released or killed them. I think they released some and killed some. I know they killed 3 people, one from Ker Kaw Law, one from Kwa Hta, and one from Law Pu Der. I saw that with my own eyes. One was very old and couldn’t walk anymore, so a 3^rd-rank soldier came and kicked him and he fell on the path. Then a 3-stripe soldier [a Sergeant] came and said, "Uncle, don’t you feel well?" The man answered, "I am not well, I can’t even talk anymore", then another 2^nd-rank soldier [he probably means a Corporal or Lance Corporal] came with a big stone, threw it down on the man’s head and he died. They often kill people like that. Another one was carrying things under the sun and got diarrhoea because they didn’t give us fresh rice. We had to eat rice that we already cooked the day before, so the rice was not good and we got diarrhoea. When we climbed Dweh Lo mountain he had no more strength and he died." - "Saw Htoo Klih", M, 46, Ler Htoo Po village; he and others from his village were captured when SLORC came to burn their houses, and they were used as porters for over a month (Interview #8, 5/97)

Unlike some other campaigns involving forced relocations, the purpose of this operation is not to obtain forced labour for any project, but simply to wipe out the population. In doing so, however, SLORC/SPDC troops have still used villagers and townspeople as forced labour. Even prior to the beginning of the operation, Meh Way villagers were used for labour on a road to Shwegyin, and villagers in Shwegyin township who did not flee SLORC troops were always used as forced labour maintaining the Shwegyin - Kyauk Kyi road. Since March 1997, both Meh Way villagers and those forced to move there have been used to build, maintain and rebuild Army camps and to do servant work for soldiers based in the village. At the same time, though we have no direct information from Shwegyin township villagers who were forced to move to sites along the Shwegyin - Kyauk Kyi motor road, it is very likely that they are being used as forced labour maintaining that road.

"… they order the villagers from other villages to move to Meh Way and then they order them to work for them as they like. … The Burmese ordered us to do things for them, like dig holes, build barracks, and make fences to protect them from their enemies. We had to dig holes near their Major’s place and they covered them with logs as big as this [indicating one forearm length, about 18 inches], then we had to dig 3 steps down into the hole. They made us lay the big logs like that to stop bullets. I had to do it. Every morning we had to go out to cut 10 bamboos each and come back to build for them, then in the evening we had to go cut another 10 bamboos to build shelters for them. Each person had to do 5 days at a time, then rotate to another group. Each day twenty people had to go to each camp, altogether 60 people because there are 3 camps. They didn’t give us anything for that, and no food. … We have to work for them for five days, then we get a rest to work for ourselves for 2 or 3 days, then we have to do their work again - everyone has to do that." - "Saw Toh Wah", M, 45, Meh Way village; interviewed as he was fleeing Meh Way with his family (Interview #49, 6/97)

"I don’t know, but like here [in the villages along the path, which have been burned], those of us in the village don’t have time to prepare our fields and we can’t plant anymore [because of the forced labour]." - "Saw Toh Wah", M, 45, Meh Way village; interviewed as he was fleeing Meh Way with his family. Meh Way is being used by SPDC as an army base and relocation site (Interview #49, 6/97)

The most notable use of forced labour in this offensive has been forced portering. The search and destroy columns entering the area always bring porters with them, townspeople they have rounded up in Shwegyin or Papun, or villagers they have brought from Meh Way. Most of the villagers they find in the area are simply shot on sight, though if they have lost some porters or feel they need more to carry their loot, they occasionally capture people along the way. Usually these people are the elderly, because younger people attempt to run and are shot. One 63 year old man who was captured in this way told part of his story as follows.

"I was in the village, because others told me that being old I wouldn’t face any trouble [the other villagers fled]. But then they [soldiers] came into the village and called me. I had to go with them, and I didn’t even have time to take a bag. They captured all the old men, 4 of us. Later one of us was shot to death because he wasn’t able to carry things anymore. … They ordered me to go with them, they made us porters and when I was unable to walk anymore they beat me. It was very painful. They beat me on my head and my legs, and it’s still painful now. I was forced to be a porter for 2 months. It just ended half a month ago. … we had to climb mountains. We had to carry many things, like shells for the big guns. I had to carry six shells, rice, pots and plates. There was one porter for each group of soldiers. There were more than a hundred porters. … A lot of them got sick, and when they couldn’t walk the soldiers kicked them and stomped on them. They beat some people until they died of it. They beat one of my friends from the village and he died. He came from my village. He was the same age as me. His name was Saw Wih Kyay. They threw stones at him until he died. I saw the soldiers throwing stones at him, then some other soldiers or officers came and they all threw stones at him until he was dead. They killed him at Noh Pu Der. … I saw 2 men die. The other man wasn’t beaten to death, he just died because he had no more strength. He died on top of Dweh Lo mountain. It was more than one month ago. He was from Saw Hta and his name was Pa Kya Po. His children were twins, and when the Burmese called their father to be a porter the children got hungry and died. Their grandmother had to look after them, and when they had to run away [from their village] they didn’t have enough food, so the twins died. … I saw women too. There were 5 women. They were from Saw Hta and Tee Po Kee. They carried food, ammunition, and many other things. The women were young. The soldiers beat one of them seriously. … They released me because I couldn’t walk any more. They released me at Papun. … I couldn’t go back to my village because there was no village left. After 2 months I came home, and I saw that my village had become ashes. I saw no one there. They had burned everything. There was no food and there were no houses, so the situation was impossible. I came straight here through the forest." - "Pu Kyaw Ni", M, 63, Ker Kaw Law village (Interview #7, 5/97)

"I live in the village on the other side of the [Yunzalin] river, 15 minutes from here, you can call it Paw Say village. No people are left there now. There were 11 houses. The Burmese came one time, in March. They burned 3 houses in my village. They burned my house, and all my rice and paddy too. The villagers all ran to the forest on the other side of the mountain that time. Who would dare stay? We can’t dare stay!! We ran! We ran away, and I stayed in the forest for 5 days. Later when I was coming back I heard people tell me that the Burmese had already left our village and gone up to Lah Baw. So I continued back, but when I was climbing up the mountain they met me and captured me and told me to go with them. I went with them for 7 days. While I was with them and we arrived at Pah Heh they were about to kill me, but there was an elder there from Kler Pu Der and he told them not to kill me. So the Burmese didn’t kill me, instead they ordered me to show the way for them. I showed them the way for a few more days and then I ran away and escaped. I came back to my house. It took me 10 days on the way to reach my house. I came back and I saw my house and my paddy all burned, so we had to leave, and to stay like this. Now I have no house, I must live in this shelter." - "Pu Lay Htoo", M, 65, Paw Say village (Interview #47, 6/97)

The porters used in the operation have ranged in age from the mid-teens to at least 65, and have included many women. They have been used to carry the soldiers’ supplies and ammunition as well as the food and valuables they loot from the villages they burn, and they have also been used as human minesweepers in front of the column because the KNLA has laid many landmines in this area. The porters in this operation have been treated brutally; deprived of food and medicines, tied to trees while they sleep in the dirt at night under guard, beaten and abused if they cannot keep up while climbing up and down the steep hills of the area. Many have died of illness or exhaustion, and many have been shot or beaten to death by the troops when they can no longer continue. Added to this is the trauma of having to watch the troops burn every village and shoot every villager along their way, in what for many of these porters is their home area. Some have finally managed to escape and head home, only to find their village completely burned, their food supply destroyed and their family nowhere in sight, in hiding in the forest or at a relocation site.

"… no one goes near them so they can’t capture us. If they could capture us they would force us to carry heavy loads until we couldn’t even lift up our heads, and then they would kill us, because they never keep people alive once they’ve captured them. Even if they see an old person who’s very old and can barely move, they will kill that person. If you see them you must not wait, you must run away. If you wait for them, you will die." - "Naw Muh Paw", F, 49, Ku Day village (Interview #25, 6/97)

"They captured me around April, before they burned our village. They captured me on my way to Meh Way, and they used me to carry heavy things. It was very hard. I had to carry rice and other food for over one month. They captured 3 porters from my village, and they also had some porters from Meh Way and from the towns. We had to carry between Meh Way and B’Go [Pegu, a major town northeast of Rangoon and over 120 km./70 miles in a straight line from Meh Way]. It takes 3 days each way. They gave us only a little rice with yellow bean, not enough for us, and they never gave us any medicine. At night they slept all around us and we had to sleep in the middle. We couldn’t escape. There were over 10 porters with our group, including the porters from town. Some were sick but couldn’t get any medicine. The soldiers shouted at us a lot, and they beat and kicked us a lot. They beat me 3 times. We had to walk a long way and climb up high mountains, so we felt very tired and I didn’t have enough strength to continue. So I took a rest, and they beat me. I fell down twice, and they hurt me on the back. After over a month they set us free at B’Go and sent us back to Meh Way. That was the only time I’ve been a porter. I was nearly dead when I finally arrived home because I was ill. When I arrived back at my village I saw all my things were destroyed. The cooking pots, clothes, and blankets were all lost because I was not at home when they burned down my village. My machete, my axe, and everything in my house was lost." - "Saw Say Lweh", M, 45, Du Baw village (Interview #53, 12/97)

"At midnight they put a rope around our necks and tied the other end to a tree, like we were cattle, and they made us sleep like that because they were worried that we could escape. They tied three of us together on each rope. There were more than 100 porters, because along the way they captured everyone they could. The porters did not know each other, but from our village there were 10 porters. There were porters as old as 60. The youngest was 16 years old. They captured 4 women and the Ko Per Baw [DKBA soldier with the column as a guide] said that one of them was the wife of a KNU soldier. They kicked and beat her, but she was pregnant and one of the Burmese officers came and said, "If you beat her don’t beat her on the abdomen, beat her on the head". She lost 2 teeth. They kept treating her like that all along the way. She was from Plah Hta village. Her husband used to be a KNU soldier, but not any longer. … They used the 4 women as porters for more than one month, then when they arrived in Papun people who knew the women came and asked for their release, so they released 3 of the women but they said the other was a KNU member’s wife so she would have to follow them. She was with her son, about 8 years old. They kicked her to kill her, then she couldn’t walk any more so they knocked her down on the road and stomped on her neck. After she stopped breathing they took off her sarong and other clothes, and they took her son away with them. I saw all of this with my own eyes. It was the 548^th Battalion, and I was with them as a porter." - "Saw Htoo Klih", M, 46, Ler Htoo Po village; he and others from his village were captured when SLORC came to burn their houses, and they were used as porters for over a month (Interview #8, 5/97)

"We didn’t know that they were coming - if we had known we would have run away. They came into the village and they immediately shot at the villagers so we couldn’t run away anymore. The children were playing volleyball, they saw that and shot at them. They shot twice with small arms. No one was wounded. People ran away and they ran after them. They arrested us and tied us all up, and they made us carry things. … When I was a porter we reached Day Pu Noh [on the Yunzalin River north of Papun]. In the villages they took everything: pots, plates, clothing, sarongs. …They went into people’s houses, took clothes and many things like jewellery and money. They took all the pots, ordered us to make big baskets like this, put the pots inside and made us carry them. They did this many times [in many villages]. It was very heavy, 2 or 3 mer [32-48 kg./70-100 lb.] They made us carry the same weight that bullocks have to pull. They just carried their guns and their food. When we were walking and carrying things they never followed the road, they always went through the bush or over the mountains, and when we fell down they beat us and kicked us. We never got to rest. … If the villagers had rice hidden in the forest and the soldiers saw it, they ordered us to carry it. We couldn’t carry any more because our baskets were full. If we weren’t able to carry everything, they just burned whatever was left. …They didn’t give us any of their food, they took the food that they saw in the villages. When they came to villages they took food from people’s houses. When they saw paddy that was not husked yet and they didn’t have time to husk it, they just took it and threw it away on the ground. They rationed out rice to us, about 3 spoonfuls and nothing else. Not enough, but they ate more than enough. … I saw one person that they killed. They shot him near my village because he couldn’t walk anymore. The man said, "I can’t walk anymore", so the soldier said, "If you can’t I will kill you." And then he shot him." - "Saw Htoo Klih", M, 46, Ler Htoo Po village; he and others from his village were captured when SLORC came to burn their houses, and they were used as porters for over a month (Interview #8, 5/97)

"…they came with porters. They capture their porters in Shwegyin town and other places in the plains. Some [of their porters] are Karen, some are Burman. Sometimes the escaped porters come to the villagers for help, and the villagers help send them back home." - "Naw Muh Eh", F, 53, Nya Mu Kwee village, Shwegyin township (Interview #52, 12/97)

"They took me to Bu Tho, then to their camp at Pah Heh. I had to carry rice, pots, plates, spoons and many dishes [all looted from the villages they’d burned]. It was very heavy, over 10 viss, maybe 15 viss [24 kg./52 lb.]. I got a boil on my back but they didn’t give me anything, no injection or even a tablet of medicine. If we were hurt they didn’t treat us at all. They didn’t even give us enough rice to eat. They just gave us a little bit of rice each time. Twice a day, morning and evening. Each time just a little bit. There was one day we didn’t get anything to eat. That day we had to go to sleep at night without having eaten anything all day. For one day and one night we had to go hungry. We had to sleep on the dusty ground, and they stood sentry over us all night. There were about 300 soldiers. There were about 20 porters in my group, and 6 of them were women. The women had a lot of pain in their arms and legs. The porters were from Kler Oh Der, Kaneh Khaw Hta, the women were from Kaneh Khaw Hta and B’Nweh Bo, those are the 3 villages I know of. … One was an older woman, and the other five were muh k’naw [maidens, unmarried teenage girls]. At night they ordered the women and girls to sleep off to one side and we didn’t see, so we couldn’t tell whether the soldiers went to sleep with them or not. … The girls were over 10 years old, up to about 20 years old. The older woman was about 40. The oldest men were myself and a man from Kler Oh Der, 65 years old. The others were younger than us. The youngest was about 20, and some were about 30." - "Pu Lay Htoo", M, 65, Paw Say village (Interview #47, 6/97)

"They forced us to go on without taking any rest along the way. When we were climbing up mountains they kicked our buttocks. They kicked both the men and the women, they kicked everybody! … some porters were ill. One was coughing up blood, and the women had malaria and pain in the legs, because we were carrying in the rain. But the Burmese didn’t let them rest, they still had to keep carrying." - "Pu Lay Htoo", M, 65, Paw Say village (Interview #47, 6/97)

"Last time they caught us and tied us together with rope, and then they forced us to march in front of them, two or three villagers at a time. They never walk in front of us. [The villagers were being used as human minesweepers and shields.] We always have to carry things for them and do whatever they order us to do. Whenever they go somewhere we have to go with them, sometimes 10 villagers, sometimes 20 or 30, they call for as many of us as they need. If we don’t go they capture us to go. If we run when they try to capture us, they shoot us with a gun. I’ve had to go very often. Last time they captured me while I was cutting the weeds in my field, and they forced me to carry one basket of rice and 2 shells. We must go wherever they want to go - if they go up we must go up, if they go down we must go down, wherever they want. There’s no limit on the number of days, we must go with them until they finish their journey. They never set us free, we must escape if we can. One old man from my village had to die because he couldn’t run to escape. They captured him like me, he had to carry a heavy load until he had no strength left and then he fell down along the path. Then the Burmese beat him to death. That was in April. His name was Naw Kweh Pa [literally, "Naw Kweh’s father"; in Karen culture parents are often referred to this way]. He was 60 years old, with a wife and 4 children. His family is still in the village. Those who were porters with him and escaped came and told us about it." - "Saw Toh Wah", M, 45, Meh Way village; interviewed while fleeing Meh Way with his family. Meh Way is being used by SPDC as an army base and relocation site (Interview #49, 6/97)

"The road they’re building passes right between Plah Ko and our village - if we climb up a bit from our houses we can see it. They’ve built it right through the farmfields of many people. The road is going to Maw Pu. All the villagers have run away so they’re building it themselves. We never let them see us, because they beat us, hack us and kill us. They treat the villagers terribly. They just started to build the road this dry season, a few months ago. I don’t know how long it will take, but if they try to reach Hoh Loh Kloh [Salween River] it will take a long time. They are building new [Army] camps alongside the car road as it progresses, step by step. They’ve made a new camp at Kler Ko, very close to our village. They’ve burned Ku Day, Thay Baw and Toh Kee villages - the road passes these villages, so they’ve burned them." - "Naw Muh Paw", F, 49, Ku Day village (Interview #25, 6/97)

At the same time as they have been wiping out all villages in the area, SLORC/SPDC troops have also been trying to push an access road eastward from the town of Kyauk Kyi, in the Sittang River plains north of Nyaunglebin, westward across the hills to Saw Hta, an Army post on the Thai border which is on the western bank of the Salween River just south of the Kayah State border. SLORC captured Saw Hta from the KNU in an October 1992 offensive. The distance from Kyauk Kyi (Ler Doh in Karen) to Saw Hta is about 80 kilometres (50 miles) in a straight line, though the road is considerably longer because it must wind through steep hills for its whole length. From Kyauk Kyi, the road heads east into the hills, goes slightly to the south to pass through Pwa Ghaw, Ku Day and Maw Pu, then east northeast to Maw Kyo and Leh Klay Kyo, where it begins following the Saw Kloh stream down to the Salween River at Saw Hta.

All villages along the route, such as Plah Ko, Saw Ee Der, Ku Day, Toh Kee, Lay Ghaw, Thay Baw, and Toh Loh Kee, have been burned and destroyed, and Army camps have been established at Pwa Ghaw, Plah Ko, Kler Kyo, Maw Pu, Maw Kyo and Leh Klay Kyo (in addition to the existing base at Saw Hta) to protect the route. Unlike their usual practice, SLORC/SPDC has used little or no forced labour in building the main portion of this road. This may partly be because they have been unable to capture significant numbers of villagers in the area, all of whom have fled into the forest; but the fact that they have not brought in forced labour from Kyauk Kyi and other places seems to indicate that they are in a hurry to finish this road and finish it properly, because its only possible use is to support further military control of the area. It has been pushed through very rapidly, using bulldozers under heavy military guard. It is to be a simple dirt road. Prior to the mid-1997 rainy season most of it had been bulldozed except a segment of about 10 kilometres between Maw Kyo and Leh Klay Kyo, but in June 1997 the KNLA destroyed the bulldozers at either end of this segment with rocket-propelled grenades. Rainy season then washed out much of the road, but SPDC troops are now working on it again and it is expected to be complete or almost complete before the 1998 rainy season starts in June.

"No, because they shoot people so we run away. We don’t dare face them. … The villagers are afraid and don’t show themselves to the Burmese because they kill people. If they didn’t kill us, we would dare to face them. But they shoot at everybody, the men and the women. If they were not doing that we could stay in our village." - "Saw Wah Lay", M, 34, Plah Ko village, just south of the car road. The village was burned, some villagers were killed and everyone fled (Interview #18, 6/97)

"The first time the Burmese came they didn’t burn the village, but this time they burned it and they ate everything in the village. The Burmese were from Pwa Ghaw, they’ve come to build the car road. They started building it 5 or 6 months ago. They didn’t ask the villagers to build it, they’re just building it themselves." - "Naw Blu Paw", F, 38, Toh Kee village; interviewed while in hiding in a shelter in the forest (Interview #20, 6/97)

The KNLA expects this road to be used as a springboard for an offensive to secure the Salween River and the entire region, to block off KNLA supply lines and the escape routes of refugees and to allow the establishment of new military camps and further sweeps through the area to wipe out the Karen civilian population. It is hard to see any purpose for this road other than to increase military control. There are no connecting roads out of Saw Hta except a military supply road northward to Kayah State, and there are no roads on the Thai side of the border opposite Saw Hta, only 50 kilometres of uninterrupted forest in every direction. Due to the heavy military presence along the route, villagers from the destroyed villages in the area have had to flee further away than they normally would. Many of them are scattered, staying in hiding with the people of other destroyed villages one or two days’ walk from their homes. This prevents them from being able to reach their fields to even try to plant a crop, making conditions much more difficult for them.

"Two weeks ago some people went to get some rice, and the Burmese met with them and shot at them. They shot at a child, both of his legs were broken and then they killed the child. They smashed his head. His mother was shot in the chest and died too. Now the villagers don’t dare stay in our village anymore, they’ve gone to stay all over the place. Two households have come here." - "Saw Wah Lay", M, 34, Plah Ko village, just south of the car road. The village was burned, some villagers were killed and everyone fled (Interview #18, 6/97)

"Some [villagers] have come here, others are running to other places, and some are still staying near our village but only very few. The Burmese ate some of our livestock, like chickens and pigs, and some they just shot, like our buffaloes. We had to leave most of our things behind in the village. Some things we could carry with us, and the rest were burned. Most of our rice was burned and our pots were burned, because we couldn’t carry them with us. Many things in the village were burned and destroyed. There were 30 houses in our village, and all of them were burned down. They burned some of our rice barns, and the rest of our rice they took to eat. There were one or two hundred Burmese soldiers. There are many villages that they’ve burned among these hills. All the villages are burned, no one can stay any longer. … We’ve been here for 3 months. We can’t clear a field, we can’t plant our rice any more. It’s very difficult to get food, it’s not easy. If we dare we can try to go back to get rice, but if the Burmese keep treating us like this we can’t dare go back to get it. If they see us going back they will kill us. I think we must stay here, though I think we can’t stay here for a long time. I want to go back home but we can’t do that. We dare not go back to stay - if we stay there and they shoot the big gun at us we can’t escape. … Five families are here, further upstream there are 3 families and there are also some further downstream. Some others are scattered elsewhere. They are in many places." - "Pati Kweh Say", M, 40+, Dta Paw Der village (Interview #30, 6/97)

Villagers in the area spend a lot of time going back and forth to their fields, which are often quite a distance from their village, and they interact a lot with people from other villages. As a result, they usually know up to a day in advance when SLORC/SPDC troops are in their area and have a chance to flee the village before the troops arrive, though they can take very little with them except some rice. Many of them keep some paddy in hidden rice barns in the forest for these occasions. Most villagers in the affected areas fled into the surrounding forests when their village was being shelled and burned for the first time; in most villages this was March/April 1997, while for others it was June/July. They fled up the streams, higher into the hills, where most of them built simple shelters out of bamboo and leaves in small groups of a few families. People from some villages in the hills which are not on the soldiers’ normal routes were later able to return and build shelters near the ruins of their village, though they must always be prepared to run. To the villagers, the key consideration is to be close enough to their fields that they can try to plant a rice crop so that they do not starve.

"All the villagers were outside the village. When they fired the big gun we went a bit further away, then we came back to look. But after they entered the village we dared not come back anymore, and we ran farther away, all over the place. We stayed far away in the forest for 15 days, sleeping on the dusty ground. We had nothing because the Burmese had destroyed it all. All our poultry they ate, and everything in our houses was destroyed because we didn’t have a chance to carry it away. Each of us only carried some food, two pots and one basket of rice. Some had to carry their children so they couldn’t take much else. Most of our pots, machetes, big jars and baskets were all burned. They burned all the rice barns near the village, 4 rice barns here, 9 rice barns altogether including the ones at Bpeh Deh. Now the people who still have some rice give some to the people who have none. We share with each other whatever we have. We must take care of each other. We built these huts, and everyone is working their fields. We can plant, but there won’t be enough." - "Pati Htoo Kuh", M, 50, H--- village (Interview #35, 6/97)

"…we were just eating the rice we’d hidden in the forest and brought with us. When that was gone we had to move to another place. We stayed near Khaw Kee for 2 months, then we went to my father’s village near Dta Baw Kee, up above Meh Way, and stayed there for 4 months until after rainy season was over. We just lived in the forest. Some villagers from Dta Baw Kee were there. The Burmese had burned down their village, but they still had some paddy. We borrowed paddy from them, and they took care of us. The Burmese had camps at Lay Kaw Tee and Ko Sghaw, and we were in between them. They came to our place twice. We saw their footprints beside the Meh Way Kloh river, so we sent word to all the villagers and we ran away together, up the mountains and into the deep valleys. They came and destroyed whatever they saw, then they went back again. The last time they came we got word they were coming so we ran away, but there was one very old woman with us and we had to carry her. Finally we couldn’t carry her up the mountain anymore because we were too tired and we had to run, so we set her down on the path on the mountainside. The Burmese came up that mountain and saw her there, and they kicked her down the mountainside and killed her. She was from Ko Reh Kee. I don’t know her name, but she was about 80 years old. Those Burmese soldiers came from Meh Way." - "Saw Pah Htoo", M, 27, Htee Muh Hta village, Shwegyin township (Interview #51, 12/97)

The forests throughout the region are dotted with small clusters of shelters, often hidden on hillsides among thick bush or up narrow gullies. Some groups of families have built small bamboo huts with raised floors, while others have been living for months on the ground in lean-to’s made of leaves. They have no change of clothing, only a few cookpots between them, and little or no rice. They make containers and plates of bamboo and hunt for roots and leaves in the forest. Most of them have no salt or chillies. If they have any livestock it is only a few chickens; the rest were left behind in the village and killed by the SLORC/SPDC troops. Those who still have some rice share with those who have none, and when rice is very low they survive on boiled rice soup. In the village, people kept their paddy (rice which still has the husk on it) in paddy storage barns, small sheds built on stilts which often have metal sheaths to help keep rodents out. Some of these were in the villages, while others were hidden out in the forest in case of SLORC attack. People would bring a basket or more of paddy to their house at a time, then pound some of it each day to husk it and cook their meals. When the villages were burned, people fled carrying some of the rice they had in their houses, while the rest was either taken or burned by the troops. All paddy barns in the villages were looted, burned or otherwise destroyed, as were all paddy barns which the troops could find in the forest. The villagers in hiding in the forest have to survive on whatever rice they brought with them, along with whatever rice they can salvage in trips back to the paddy barns which were not found by the troops. However, patrols continue to be sent out to seek and destroy these paddy barns, and every time the villagers have to flee their shelters some rice and belongings get left behind.