SURVIVING IN SHADOW: Widespread Militarization and the Systematic Use of Forced Labour in the Campaign for Control of Thaton District

Top of Report | Terms and Abbreviations | Table of Contents | Introduction and Executive Summary | Forces in the District | Forced Labour | Landmines | Killings, Detention, and Torture | Fees, Looting, and Extortion | Restrictions | Food Security | Education and Health | Flight and Displacement | Future of the Area | Appendices

Appendix A: Endnotes

Click on reference to return to where it is cited in the report:

1. Smith, Martin (1999), 'The Surrender of the KRC', in: Burma: Insurgency and the Politics of Ethnicity (2nd Ed.), pp: 213-218. London: Zed.

2. Selth, Andrew (2002), 'Recruitment, Training, and Doctrine', in: Burma's Armed Forces: Power without Glory , pp: 76-99. Norwalk: EastBridge.

3. 'Lt-Gen Maung Bo inspects development undertakings in Mon, Kayin States', in: New Light of Myanmar , May 9th 2005.

4. 'Lt-Gen Khin Maung Than Oversees Development of Ayeyawady Division', in: New Light of Myanmar, February 5th 2005.

5. Aung Zaw, 'Tycoon Turf', in: The Irrawaddy , Vol. 13, No. 9, September 2005, p. 20. Chiang Mai: Nopburee Press.

6. International Campaign to Ban Landmines (2004), Landmine Monitor Burma/Myanmar Annual Report 2004; Special Five Year Review.

7. Burmese Border Consortium (2003), Reclaiming the Right to Rice: Food Security and Internal Displacement in Eastern Burma. p.40. Bangkok: Burmese Border Consortium.

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Appendix B: Index of Interviews and Field Reports

This index summarises the interviews, field reports, and documents quoted in this report. While a great many more villagers and refugees were interviewed for this report, this list shows only those who have been directly quoted in the body of this report. The interview numbers correspond to those used in the quote captions. All names of those interviewed have been changed, and their village names omitted to protect them from possible reprisals from the SPDC or DKBA. Approximately 15% of those included in this list had already fled their homes and at the time of being interviewed were living as refugees in Thailand . In the summaries below, SPDC = State Peace and Development Council, DKBA = Democratic Karen Buddhist Army, KNU = Karen National Union, UXO = Unexploded Ordnance, and IDP = Internally Displaced Person.

Field Reports by KHRG Field Researchers

Interviews with KHRG Field Researchers

Interviews with Karen Relief Workers and Officials

Interviews with Villagers from Bilin Township

Interviews with Villagers from Pa'an Township

Interviews with Villagers from Thaton Township

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Appendix C: SPDC Military Units in Thaton District, 2001-2005

The battalions listed here have been confirmed by villagers, KNU intelligence, and other sources to have been active within Thaton District between 2001 and 2005, during the period over which this report is based. Most of the battalions listed here are not based permanently in the district but rotate in and out of the district on average every four months.

Southeast Regional Command

Light Infantry Division (LID) #44

Light Infantry Division (LID) #66

Military Operations Command (Sa Ka Ka) #9

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Appendix D: Villagers Killed by SPDC and DKBA Soldiers and Landmines

This is a partial list of villagers killed by SPDC or DKBA soldiers in Thaton District. The list includes villagers who were shot, stabbed, beaten, or tortured to death as well as any who died after stepping on SPDC or DKBA landmines. These killings have been described in the interviews and field reports collected for this report. Many of them have been corroborated by several different interviews and field reports. There are 55 people on this list who have been killed since mid-1999, but it is important to stress that this list is far from complete and that the real death toll may well be much higher, perhaps even double that shown here. This list does not include the hundreds of people who have died of starvation, disease or accidents caused by having to flee their villages or the actions of the SPDC within the villages. Under 'Twp' (Township), T = Thaton, P = Pa'an, and B = Bilin. Under 'Source' , FR indicates Field Reports from KHRG field researchers and 'Ix' indicates interviews with villagers, where 'x' is the interview number used in the report. See 'Appendix B: Index of Interviews and Field Reports' for a complete list of all interviews directly cited throughout this report. There are a number of interviews and Field Reports listed here that, while not quoted and thus not included in 'Appendix B', provided valuable information towards the writing of this report.

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Appendix E: Villagers Wounded by SPDC and DKBA Soldiers and Landmines

This is a partial list of villagers wounded or injured by SPDC or DKBA soldiers in Thaton District. These incidents have been described in the interviews and field reports collected for this report. Many of them have been corroborated by several different interviews and field reports. There are 138 people on this list who have been injured since late-1999, but it is important to emphasise that this list is far from complete and that the real number is probably much higher than that shown here. This list does not include the hundreds of people who have suffered illnesses or been injured in accidents caused by having to flee their villages or the actions of the SPDC within the villages. Under 'Twp' (Township), T = Thaton, P = Pa'an, and B = Bilin. Under 'Source', FR indicates Field Reports from KHRG field researchers and 'Ix' indicates interviews with villagers, where 'x' is the interview number used in the report. See 'Appendix B: Index of Interviews and Field Reports' for a complete list of all interviews directly cited throughout this report. There are a number of interviews and Field Reports listed here that, while not quoted and thus not included in 'Appendix B', provided valuable information towards the writing of this report.